Elsevier

Kidney International

Volume 86, Issue 2, August 2014, Pages 259-265
Kidney International

Mini Review
The changing epidemiology of HIV-related chronic kidney disease in the era of antiretroviral therapy

https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2014.44Get rights and content
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The epidemiology of kidney disease in HIV-infected individuals has changed significantly since the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in the mid 1990s. HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), an aggressive form of collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) caused by direct HIV infection of the kidney in a genetically susceptible host, emerged early in the HIV epidemic as a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. With the widespread use of cART, HIVAN is increasingly rare in populations with access to care, and the spectrum of HIV-related chronic kidney disease now reflects the growing burden of comorbid disease in the aging HIV population. Nonetheless, available data suggest that both HIV infection and cART nephrotoxicity continue to contribute to the increased risk of chronic kidney disease in HIV-infected individuals in the United States and Europe. Despite the genetic susceptibility to HIVAN in individuals of West African descent, limited data are available to define the prevalence and spectrum of HIV-related kidney disease in sub-Saharan Africa, which is home to two-thirds of the world’s HIV population. In this mini-review, we characterize the changing epidemiology of HIV-related chronic kidney disease in Western nations and in sub-Saharan Africa.

KEYWORDS

collapsing FSGS
HIV
hepatitis

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CMW has received honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb and investigator-initiated research support from Gilead Sciences. The remaining authors declared no competing interests.