Trends in Parasitology
ReviewProgress and Challenges in Infectious Disease Cartography
Section snippets
Recent Trends in Infectious Disease Cartography
Infectious disease cartography (or infectious disease mapping) describes the quantitative spatial prediction of disease transmission risk. It has been facilitated by the rapid increases in computing power over the past three decades and the increasing availability of spatially continuous data on environmental risk factors for diseases, such as satellite imagery. Therefore, high-resolution spatial data representing both environmental and socioeconomic predictors of disease transmission 1, 2 and
Approaches for Mapping Infectious Disease
Historically, disease mapping was confined to simply drawing case numbers on physical maps. Over the past decades, the world has been mapped out digitally and information about disease outbreaks is recorded from numerous data sources. Major approaches to disease mapping today involve deterministic, correlative, and geostatistical modelling techniques (see details in Figure 1 and Table 1). For policy makers to translate these maps into action, levels of confidence must be assigned to them, which
Infectious Diseases and Global Connectivity
In tandem with the unprecedented increases in human population over the past 50 years, connectivity among human populations has increased rapidly. Increasing urbanization, economic growth, improvements in transport infrastructure, and changing trade and immigration policies 19, 26, 27 have led to populations in each successive generation becoming more mobile than the last, with regular international travel now the norm for a significant fraction of the global population.
For many zoonotic and
New Frontiers in Mapping Diseases: Opportunities From Big Data
Increasing volumes of data from a variety of sources, and the technology to rapidly collate and organise them, offer enormous opportunities for improving disease surveillance and control in the near future [65]. Several digital resources for disease detection data have been established to collate data from online resources [65], including ProMED-mail [66], the Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN), HealthMap, and BioCaster 65, 67. These online resources can fill gaps in public
Public Health Implications and Ways Forward
Spatial information about infectious diseases has broad implications for targeted public health interventions. For example, the targeted distribution of insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITN) to key risk areas of high malaria prevalence has been shown to not only protect individuals from becoming infected, but also have wider implications in terms of spatial spillover effects 72, 73. Understanding population interconnectedness helps identify key individuals, risk groups, or regions in a
Concluding Remarks
Technological advances over the past decade have transformed infectious disease cartography from providing visualisations of spatial data and qualitative descriptions of disease risk into a framework for providing robust, quantified predictive maps to guide public health policy. The rapid pace of global change over the same time period has brought socioeconomic factors and global connectivity to the forefront as factors governing global disease risk (see Outstanding Questions). Infectious
Disclaimer
Funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements
M.U.G.K. is funded by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) through a graduate scholarship. S.I.H. is funded by a Senior Research Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust (#095066). S.I.H. and D.L.S. also acknowledge funding support from the RAPIDD program of the Science and Technology Directorate, Department of Homeland Security, and the Fogarty International Center (FIC), National Institutes of Health (NIH). S.I.H. and G.R.W.W. acknowledge funding from the International Research Consortium on
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