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2010, Annals of EpidemiologyCitation Excerpt :Indeed, low SES and minority ethnic groups do report higher values of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (1, 9, 10). Some studies, however, suggest that SES gradients in cardiovascular risk factors may be diminished in minority groups (11–14), possibly because of racial discrimination and residential segregation (15–17), and greater psychological distress (18) at all SES levels. If SES associations with risk do vary by race/ethnicity, then in any study of ethnic disparities, SES effects cannot be controlled completely simply by including SES indicators as covariates in regression (19, 20).