Table 3

Effects of receiving PIM starting in pregnancy or after birth on parenting outcomes

Outcome	Started during pregnancy (n=354*)			Started after birth (n=738*)
Outcome	β	95% CI	P value	β	95% CI	P value	Heterogeneity P values
Linear regression for mean parenting score (β)
Parent responsiveness	−0.02	−0.29 to 0.15	0.82	0.03	−0.08 to 0.14	0.60	0.63
Parent sensitivity	0.06	−0.10 to 0.22	0.44	0.07	−0.04 to 0.18	0.23	0.95
Parent coerciveness	0.19	−0.27 to 0.65	0.42	−0.19	−0.48 to 0.09	0.19	0.53
Parent guidance	0.04	−0.04 to 0.13	0.30	0.03	−0.04 to 0.09	0.39	0.79
Logistic regression for OR
	OR	95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI	P value
Quality of parent–child relationship	1.35	0.84 to 2.14	0.21	0.94	0.69 to 1.26	0.67	0.71

*Early childhood development (ESS) is the effective sample size and is used in cases of full matching when matched samples are calculated via stratification and weighting. In the case of this moderation analyses, the ESS for families that started PIM during pregnancy is n=354, where there are 234 controls and 120 treated individuals. The ESS for families that started PIM after birth is n=738, where there are 270 controls and 468 treated individuals.
PIM, Primeira Infância Melhor.