Explanatory variables considered in the analysis
| Variable name | Description | Source |
| Economic factors | ||
| GDP per capita | World Development Indicators40 | |
| Tax revenue as % of GDP | Tax revenue including social contribution. | International Monetary Fund (IMF)58 |
| Government commitment to health | Government health spending as a share of general government spending. | World Development Indicators40 |
| Social factors | ||
| Age structure | Proportion of population aged >65 years old and <15years old. | World Development Indicators40 |
| Urban/rural | Proportion of population living in urban area. | World Development Indicators40 |
| GINI coefficient | Income inequality. | World Development Indicators40 |
| Ethnic Fractionalisation Index | It corresponds to the probability that two randomly drawn individuals within a country are not from the same ethnic group, to show the pattern of ethnic diversity across countries. | Drazanova 2019 44 |
| Social capital | It measures how cohesive a society is in terms of people trusting, respecting and helping one another, and the institutional structures they interact with. | Legatum Prosperity Index46 |
| Gender Inequality Index | It measures gender inequalities in three important aspects of human development—reproductive health, empowerment and labour market participation. | United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)49 |
| Political factors | ||
| Voice and accountability | Perceptions of the extent to which a country’s citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association and a free media. | World Governance Indicators40 |
| Political Stability | Perceptions of the likelihood of political instability and/or politically motivated violence, including terrorism. | World Governance Indicators40 |
| Government effectiveness | Perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government’s commitment to such policies. | World Governance Indicators40 |
| Regulatory quality | Perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development. | World Governance Indicators40 |
| Rule of law | Perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence. | World Governance Indicators40 |
| Control of corruption | Perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as ‘capture’ of the state by elites and private interests. | World Governance Indicators40 |
| The government closeness index/decentralisation | It measures government decision making at the local level, that is, the level of government closest to the people. It captures institutional dimensions of political, fiscal and administrative autonomy enjoyed by local governments. | Ivanyna and Shah51 |
| POLITY Score | It is computed by subtracting the AUTOCRATIC Score from the DEMOCRATIC Score; the resulting unified polity scale ranges from +10 (strongly democratic) to −10 (strongly autocratic). | POLITY5 project52 |
| Liberal Democracy Index | The liberal principle of democracy emphasises the importance of protecting individual and minority rights against the tyranny of the state and the tyranny of the majority. | V-DEM data set53 |
PHC, primary healthcare.