Table 1

Overview of human-centred design extant knowledge, planned research questions and design activities

Discover	Define	Develop
Extant Insights from prior research and experience	Key research questions (How might we…?)	Workshop design activity	Participatory method underlying activity	Purpose of activity/expected activity outcomes
Peer influences are powerful. Building trust between AYAs and navigators is essential.	How might we facilitate peer navigators to be influential with AYAs they are supporting?	The Ideal: Participant create visual composite representations of qualities AYAs value in others (sexual partner, healthcare worker, parent, friend).	Analogy27 52	Revealed preferences.
Threats to effective electronic peer support delivery: access, content, voice tone, delivery frequency.	How might we provide consistent peer support for AYA who have limited phone access or are in boarding schools?	Role plays: Participants write and act out short dramas responding to provided scenarios. Allows for creativity, emotion, humour and movement to explore topics and generate creative solutions.	Storytelling53–55	Sense-making. Empathy development. Creative problem solving.
Potential differences in preferences around cash transfer between age groups/other AYA characteristics. Funds amount needs to cover transport, be motivating but not excessive.	How might we structure incentives to best motivate AYAs to stay in HIV care and be virally suppressed?	Incentives prototypes: Present prototypes (models) of incentive delivery to AYAs. Discuss preferences on key prototype features.	Rapid, iterative refinement27 50 56	Co-creation of improved intervention models.
Care engagement influenced by marital status, childbearing, age. AYAs are not a homogenous group	How might we structure the intervention to respond to needs of specific groups (pregnant, age groups, gender)?	Experience (Journey) Map: Small groups create a step-by-step storyboard and context for: A health facility visit for AYAs living with HIV.	Narrative synthesis.53–55	Empathy development. Sense-making. Revealed preferences. Prioritisation.
AYAs need providers who are understanding and supportive of the unique needs of adolescents, yet not all providers are trained/well trained/experienced in youth friendly service provision	How might we empower AYAs to interact with providers to meet their needs?	Tomorrow’s headline: Participants draw hypothetical news stories on what positive change has been realised and how it was realised	Visioning27 50	Creative problem solving. Prioritisation
Social network influence among AYAs which may affect care engagement.	How might we support AYAs to engage with their social networks to support HIV care engagement?	Building a bridge: Participants voluntarily relate a challenging time and connect the people who helped them to planks of a bridge built to cross a river.	Storytelling, Mapping.55 57 58	Sense-making Empathy development Social network mapping
Voluntary disclosure supports care engagement. AYAs face stigma and other difficulties with status disclosure.	How might we provide navigation support that allows AYAs to disclose safely and to support and strengthen adherence when disclosure is not possible?	Disclosure vignettes: Facilitators read out realistic but fictional short stories then elicit participant reactions.	Case studies. Narrative synthesis.27 54 55 57	Revealed preferences. Prioritisation Creative problem solving

AYA, adolescent and young adult.