Percentage (or mean number) of households owning each asset indicator across wealth quintiles, and the regression results between each asset indicator and classical PCA (DHS) rank
| Mean (SE) or % N=25 550 | Wealth quintiles | Regression* | |||||
| Rank 1 | Rank 2 | Rank 3 | Rank 4 | Rank 5 | β | ||
| No of constructions (++++†) | 1.565 | 1.320 | 1.404 | 1.559 | 1.716 | 1.827 | 0.133*** |
| (0.890) | (0.636) | (0.738) | (0.874) | (1.009) | (1.026) | ||
| No of members per sleeping room (++++) | 4.030 | 3.348 | 3.776 | 4.115 | 4.365 | 4.586 | 0.306*** |
| (2.013) | (1.712) | (1.805) | (1.929) | (2.088) | (2.243) | ||
| No of bed nets (++++) | 2.149 | 1.301 | 1.823 | 2.201 | 2.580 | 2.843 | 0.384*** |
| (1.288) | (0.954) | (1.056) | (1.124) | (1.272) | (1.374) | ||
| Ownership of cattle or pigs (---‡) | 7.86% | 12.00% | 7.51% | 7.42% | 7.01% | 5.36% | 0.193*** |
| No of cows (> 1 year of age) | |||||||
| 1–4 (++) | 0.20% | 0.04% | 0.04% | 0.35% | 0.29% | 0.27% | 0.386*** |
| 5–9 (++) | 0.06% | 0.00% | 0.02% | 0.06% | 0.10% | 0.12% | 0.617** |
| 10 or more (++) | 0.03% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.10% | 1.183* |
| No of cows (< 1 year of age) | |||||||
| 1–4 (++) | 0.27% | 0.14% | 0.29% | 0.27% | 0.33% | 0.29% | 0.134 |
| 5–9 (+) | 0.07% | 0.10% | 0.04% | 0.08% | 0.10% | 0.06% | 0.026 |
| 10 or more (++) | 0.02% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.02% | 0.06% | 1.604 |
| No of pigs (>6 weeks of age) | |||||||
| 1–4 (---) | 4.90% | 8.29% | 4.86% | 4.27% | 4.17% | 2.90% | 0.253*** |
| 5–9 (--) | 0.97% | 1.27% | 0.90% | 1.00% | 0.88% | 0.82% | 0.095* |
| 10 or more (+) | 0.28% | 0.25% | 0.24% | 0.29% | 0.29% | 0.31% | 0.064 |
| No of pigs (<6 weeks of age) | |||||||
| 1–4 (--) | 2.77% | 4.61% | 2.63% | 2.54% | 2.19% | 1.88% | 0.224*** |
| 5–9 (--) | 0.92% | 1.29% | 0.88% | 0.82% | 0.78% | 0.80% | 0.119* |
| 10 or more (+) | 0.20% | 0.27% | 0.20% | 0.14% | 0.20% | 0.22% | 0.058 |
| Main housing building type | |||||||
| Apartment (++) | 0.19% | 0.00% | 0.02% | 0.08% | 0.41% | 0.43% | 0.860*** |
| Conventional house (++++) | 13.17% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.68% | 65.15% | 5.610*** |
| Flat (+) | 0.09% | 0.08% | 0.12% | 0.08% | 0.10% | 0.08% | 0.022 |
| Hut (----) | 29.01% | 40.69% | 38.53% | 33.46% | 26.42% | 5.93% | 0.417*** |
| Precarious (---) | 19.53% | 13.48% | 19.66% | 23.60% | 28.18% | 12.74% | 0.045*** |
| Traditional mud house (----) | 36.91% | 45.57% | 41.15% | 41.82% | 42.13% | 13.86% | 0.274*** |
| Other (++) | 1.11% | 0.18% | 0.53% | 0.96% | 2.07% | 1.82% | 0.482*** |
| Wall material in the main house | |||||||
| Adobe block (----) | 54.55% | 68.42% | 67.63% | 65.62% | 53.87% | 17.22% | 0.501*** |
| Bamboo (----) | 26.02% | 51.73% | 31.73% | 23.86% | 18.77% | 3.97% | 0.632*** |
| Bark (----) | 4.17% | 11.14% | 4.43% | 2.90% | 1.76% | 0.61% | 0.708*** |
| Brick block (++++) | 15.67% | 0.00% | 0.04% | 0.94% | 13.29% | 64.09% | 2.524*** |
| Cardboard (++) | 0.09% | 0.04% | 0.08% | 0.10% | 0.08% | 0.16% | 0.269. |
| Cement blocks (++++) | 3.55% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.25% | 17.48% | 4.443*** |
| Other (----) | 26.05% | 40.14% | 33.41% | 28.16% | 22.15% | 6.36% | 0.433*** |
| Palm tree (----) | 9.38% | 19.82% | 9.88% | 8.32% | 6.71% | 2.17% | 0.493*** |
| Paper (++) | 0.12% | 0.08% | 0.16% | 0.14% | 0.10% | 0.14% | 0.049 |
| Plastic bags (---) | 1.62% | 5.28% | 1.33% | 0.57% | 0.55% | 0.39% | 0.839*** |
| Reed (---) | 3.80% | 8.13% | 3.92% | 3.42% | 2.97% | 0.53% | 0.483*** |
| Tin (++) | 4.74% | 1.17% | 2.61% | 5.38% | 10.33% | 4.19% | 0.317*** |
| Tinned wood (++) | 4.63% | 1.09% | 2.53% | 5.36% | 10.20% | 3.97% | 0.316*** |
| Wood (+++) | 9.77% | 3.01% | 6.13% | 10.70% | 16.58% | 12.43% | 0.347*** |
| Zinc (++++) | 12.13% | 0.00% | 0.04% | 0.20% | 7.36% | 53.03% | 2.745*** |
| Main water sources for consumption | |||||||
| Fountain (+++) | 10.74% | 4.05% | 6.94% | 10.51% | 17.01% | 15.19% | 0.502*** |
| Hole protected with hand pump outside backyard (+++) | 50.58% | 34.47% | 48.21% | 54.27% | 56.58% | 59.37% | 0.373*** |
| Hole with manual pump inside house (++) | 0.49% | 0.10% | 0.31% | 0.57% | 0.68% | 0.76% | 0.508*** |
| Mineral bottled water (++) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.02% | 15.185 |
| Other (-) | 0.05% | 0.02% | 0.10% | 0.02% | 0.10% | 0.00% | 0.083 |
| Piped water in neighbour house (++++) | 1.39% | 0.00% | 0.04% | 0.18% | 1.37% | 5.36% | 1.589*** |
| Piped water inside house (++++) | 0.38% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.02% | 1.90% | 4.614*** |
| Piped water within compound (++++) | 1.48% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.08% | 7.32% | 4.633*** |
| Protected inside backyard (++) | 0.46% | 0.14% | 0.16% | 0.43% | 0.84% | 0.72% | 0.353*** |
| Protected outside backyard (---) | 4.81% | 6.92% | 5.82% | 5.11% | 4.19% | 2.00% | 0.441*** |
| Rainwater (--) | 0.08% | 0.12% | 0.14% | 0.10% | 0.04% | 0.00% | 0.463* |
| Surface (river, lake, Lagoon) (----) | 11.04% | 20.85% | 14.21% | 10.96% | 7.61% | 1.55% | 0.236*** |
| Unprotected inside household (--) | 1.78% | 2.25% | 2.31% | 2.11% | 1.72% | 0.53% | 0.258*** |
| Unprotected outside household (----) | 16.56% | 31.05% | 21.71% | 15.62% | 9.55% | 4.87% | 0.235*** |
| Water from tank truck (-) | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.02% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.000 |
| Time for taking main water sources | |||||||
| Under 10 min (++++) | 31.84% | 6.02% | 18.85% | 37.14% | 47.01% | 50.20% | 0.592*** |
| Between 10–30 min (----) | 45.63% | 61.50% | 53.67% | 41.29% | 35.32% | 36.34% | 0.283*** |
| Between 30–60 min (----) | 17.75% | 24.96% | 21.67% | 16.91% | 14.48% | 10.70% | 0.250*** |
| More than 1 hour (---) | 4.76% | 7.52% | 5.78% | 4.66% | 3.17% | 2.66% | 0.281*** |
| Main energy source for lighting | |||||||
| Batteries (----) | 68.79% | 84.70% | 81.13% | 79.22% | 62.74% | 36.18% | 0.593*** |
| Candles (-) | 0.78% | 0.06% | 0.43% | 1.23% | 1.88% | 0.29% | 0.255*** |
| Electricity (++++) | 11.65% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 7.14% | 51.10% | 2.774*** |
| Firewood (----) | 11.96% | 14.75% | 16.28% | 15.52% | 11.33% | 1.94% | 0.300*** |
| Gas (-) | 0.01% | 0.00% | 0.02% | 0.04% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.169 |
| Generator (++) | 0.04% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.18% | 17.383 |
| Oil (+) | 0.15% | 0.00% | 0.08% | 0.06% | 0.51% | 0.10% | 0.459*** |
| Other (-) | 1.55% | 0.39% | 1.49% | 1.82% | 3.15% | 0.92% | 0.180*** |
| Solar panel (++++) | 4.66% | 0.10% | 0.43% | 1.86% | 12.02% | 8.90% | 0.820*** |
| Ownership of radio (++++) | 24.66% | 7.93% | 14.13% | 22.80% | 37.34% | 41.12% | 0.523*** |
| Ownership of television (++++) | 7.47% | 0.02% | 0.00% | 0.04% | 0.45% | 36.85% | 4.577*** |
| Ownership of cell phone (++++) | 38.47% | 8.46% | 21.28% | 38.12% | 57.63% | 66.87% | 0.746*** |
*The β’s are the slope coefficients of the logistic regression for all binary indicators, or the slope coefficients of the linear regression for number of constructions, number of members per sleeping room, number of nets; p<0.1, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
†++++Positive PCA weight larger than 0.01; +++Positive PCA weight smaller than 0.01 and larger than 0.005; ++Positive PCA weight smaller than 0.005 and larger than 0.001; +Positive PCA weight smaller than 0.001.
‡----Negative PCA weight less than −0.01; ---Negative PCA weight larger than −0.01 and smaller than −0.005; --Negative PCA weight larger than −0.005 and smaller than −0.001; −Negative PCA weight larger than −0.001.
DHS, Demographic and Health Survey; PCA, principal components analysis.