Table 2

Mapping table of the 22 civil-society engagement practices (CSEPs)

	Geographical scope	Subject of action	Aim	Strategy and activities	Founders
CSEP 1	National	Face masks	To change mandatory face mask use into voluntary.	Informative platform regarding scientific and non-scientific literature on the functionality of face masks; online publications about, for example, the government handling of mandatory face mask use; legal actions such as a proceeding against the state to undo the mandatory face mask use; creating societal awareness by promoting their message on, for example, postcards, posters and t-shirts.	Citizens
CSEP 2	National	COVID-19 management	To be critical and create space for dialogue about COVID-19 management, to ensure limited damage of measures on society and protect freedom of choice.	Informative platform regarding the numbers of the COVID-19 epidemic such as the basic reproduction no of SARS-CoV-II, the mortality rate and the severity of COVID-19; publications online and in newspapers; letters to house of representatives.	Citizens with a medical background
CSEP 3	National	COVID-19 management	To diversify the perspectives in COVID-19 management, focusing on incorporating the societal and economical perspectives.	Action plan to recover from COVID-19 and built back a resilient society considering values as inequality and democracy; platform for idea sharing about COVID-19, for example, about how to best recover from the epidemic.	Citizens with a social science or economic background
CSEP 4	Local	COVID-19 information provision	To improve information provision about COVID-19 for hard-to-reach populations.	Information leaflets in multiple languages about among other the implemented restriction measures.	Citizens
CSEP 5	National	COVID-19 management	To implement a nationwide COVID-19 management strategy focused on total elimination.	Informative platform regarding containment strategies, COVID-19 testing and contact tracing, herd immunity, face masks and more; a five-point action plan for COVID-19 management, focusing on containment and eradication of COVID-19 by primarily increasing testing, tracing and isolation; a petition to call for immediate containment of the COVID-19 virus, with proposed measures; contributing to legal actions such as a lawsuit against the government to demand honest and complete communication regarding COVID-19.	Citizens
CSEP 6	National	Digital contact tracing	To develop an application to support contact tracing and information provision about restriction measures.	Producing an application that uses a Group-Tracing Approach in order to inform individuals of infection risks.	Citizens with a technical background
CSEP 7	National	COVID-19 management	To implement epidemic management that integrates all various perspectives relevant in COVID-19 management.	Alternative COVID-19 management plan primarily focusing on risk-driven policies and protection of vulnerable populations, providing autonomy to citizens on how much risk (of infection) they are willing to take; campaigning for their plans with posters displayed all over the streets in the Netherlands, occasional media appearances and press releases.	Citizens with a medical, economic or social science background
CSEP 8	National	Hospitality industry	To open the hospitality industry with appropriate restriction measures and ensure financial support for this industry.	Exit strategy to open the hospitality industry, for example, including social distancing and financial support arrangements; letters to the house of representatives.	Citizens working in hospitality industries
CSEP 9	National	Children and schools	To represent the interest, needs and rights of children in education and their overall well-being in COVID-19 management.	Informative platform regarding the effects of restriction measures in schools such as face masks; online publications such as columns to provide support to parents during the epidemic; legal actions such as a proceeding against the state to undo mandatory face mask use in schools.	Citizens, parents of school-aged children
CSEP 10	Local	COVID-19 information provision	To draw attention about COVID-19 and restriction measures among youth.	Rap song about COVID-19 and restrictions measures.	Citizens
CSEP 11	National	Face masks	To promote the protective use and availability of face masks.	Producing face mask frames and other prevention measures; informative platform on the functionality and usage of face masks.	Citizens with a medical or technical background
CSEP 12	Local	Face masks	To produce face masks and make them available for people with vital professions.	Producing free face masks.	Citizens
CSEP 13	National	COVID-19 entry pass	To stop the implementation of the COVID-19 entry pass to ensure no division in society and prevent violation of fundamental rights and physical integrity.	Manifesto against the implementation of the COVID-19 entry pass with substantiation and promotion of manifesto in (social) media.	Citizens with a medical, social science, and political background
CSEP 14	National	COVID-19 management	To contribute to COVID-19 management as an independent party, by functioning as an advisory organ for the government.	Analysing scientific and non-scientific information to create reports, build up information files and send letters to representatives about, for example, testing strategies; advising about national COVID-19 management based on members’ backgrounds in relevant fields, and reporting this advice on social media and their website.	Citizens with a medical, technical, economic or social science background
CSEP 15	National	Children and schools	To ensure the safety of children in schools by actively trying to influence restriction measures in schools.	Informative platform regarding (non-)scientific literature on the role of children and schools in the COVID-19 epidemic; sharing ideas about COVID-19 management; crowdfunding; contributing to legal actions such as legal proceedings against the government to demand fitting restriction measures for children and schools.	Citizens
CSEP 16	National	The Nightlife	To open the nightlife and prevent loneliness in youth, bankruptcy and unemployment in the nightlife sector.	Action plan to open the nightlife industry by implementing measures such as ventilation, social distancing, marked walking routes, and placing hand disinfection stations.	Citizens
CSEP 17	National	COVID-19 management	To create a resilient and epidemic proof democracy.	Creating awareness about important societal values such as physical autonomy and education of children; comprising ideas on making COVID-19 management more democratic and creating a resilient society; organising dialogues about pandemic preparedness with citizens (among other themes).	Citizens with a medical or social science background
CSEP 18	National	COVID-19 information provision	To collect and provide information (national and international) regarding COVID-19 and its management.	Informative platform on various themes such as Long-COVID, aerosols and COVID-19 vaccination.	Citizens
CSEP 19	National	Risk groups	To represent the needs of people with high risk for COVID-19 in COVID-19 management.	Plans to better represent the needs of high-risk groups in COVID-19 management policies; campaigning for containment policies to open society for all; social actions to draw attention to high-risk groups, for example, by sharing experiences through video and posters, on social media and real life, or by sending post cards to the house of representatives.	Citizens in high-risk group
CSEP 20	National	Personal protective equipment	To produce face shield and other protective equipment for policy and healthcare workers.	Producing and distributing protective equipment in, for example, nursing homes.	Citizens with a technical background
CSEP 21	National	Risk groups	To represent the needs of people with high risk for COVID-19 in COVID-19 management.	Plans to ensure safe participation in society for all; petitions to ensure online education for all students and vaccine accessibility for high-risk people; social actions such as organising webinars and distributing posters on social media and to the house of representatives; letters to house of representatives.	Citizens in high-risk group
CSEP 22	Local	COVID-19 testing	To contain virus transmission in the mosque and surrounding area.	Set up of a local test street for visitors of the mosque and family-members of visitors.	Citizens (management of mosque)

CSEPs, civil-society engagement practices.