Table 1

Candidate covariates for spatio-temporal generalised additive model

Covariate	Description	Temporal status	Source	Available resolution
precip	Cumulative monthly precipitation	Monthly; 0, 1, 2, 3 month lags	CHIRPS	0.05 decimal degrees
lst_day	Daytime land surface temperature	Monthly; 0, 1, 2, 3 month lags	MODIS derivative	1 km
lst_night	Night-time land surface temperature	Monthly; 0, 1, 2, 3 month lags	MODIS derivative	1 km
evi	Enhanced Vegetation Index	Monthly; 0, 1, 2, 3 month lags	MODIS derivative	1 km
elevation	Elevation as measured by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission	Static	Shuttle Radar Topography Mission	90 m
slope		Static	WorldPop	100 m
pop_density	Population density per grid-cell	Static	WorldPop	100 m
dist_road	Distance to OpenStreetMap major roads (in km)	Static	WorldPop	100 m
dist_water	Distance to OpenStreetMap major waterways (in km)	Static	WorldPop	100 m
housing	Prevalence of improved housing	Static	Malaria Atlas Project	1 km
night-time_lights	Index that measures the presence of night-time lights from towns and cities	Static	VIIRS	500 m
irs	No of months since last IRS campaign×binary variable indicating IRS district	Monthly	Uganda NMCD	District level
llin	No of months since last LLIN distribution	Monthly	Uganda NMCD	District level

CHIRPS, Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data; IRS, indoor residual spraying; LLIN, long-lasting insecticide treated bednet; NMCD, National Malaria Control Division.