Table 2

Characteristics of pregnancies and births in analysis, overall and by urbanicity class

Numbers of observations		Total		Core urban		Semi-urban		Rural
Live births in last 5 years		8739		692		3597		4450
Most recent live births in last 5 years		6099		560		2544		2995
Total births in last 5 years (live births and stillbirths)		8915		707		3671		4537
Neonatal deaths within last 5 years		217		26		94		97
Early neonatal deaths within last 5 years		180		25		72		83
Stillbirths within last 5 years		176		15		74		87
Perinatal deaths in last 5 years (early neonatal deaths and stillbirths)		356		40		146		170
Part A: All births (n=8915)		Total		Core urban		Semi-urban		Rural
		n	Column %	n	Column %	n	Column %	n	Column %
Urbanicity class	Core urban	707	11.7
	Semi-urban	3671	39.5
	Rural	4537	48.8
Geographical zone	Western	979	12.4	50	4.1	322	9.9	607	16.5
	Lake	2929	32.7	123	16.3	1535	41.9	1271	29.2
	Northern	770	9.5	108	16.4	312	9.4	350	8.0
	Central	1010	11.4	0	0.0	247	7.4	763	17.3
	Southwest highlands	1149	9.9	35	4.6	504	9.1	610	11.8
	Southern highlands	734	5.5	5	0.4	299	6.1	430	6.3
	Southern	418	4.1	5	0.6	148	3.9	265	5.1
	Eastern	926	14.5	381	57.6	304	12.3	241	5.8
Household wealth quintile	Poorest	2355	24.7	3	0.6	595	14.7	1757	38.5
	Poorer	1978	21.5	2	0.3	728	20.4	1248	27.6
	Middle	1766	19.5	13	1.7	830	23.4	923	20.5
	Richer	1594	18.4	148	22.0	913	25.3	533	11.9
	Richest	1222	15.9	541	75.4	605	16.2	76	1.5
Maternal education and literacy	No education	1899	21.0	42	6.5	658	17.4	1199	27.3
	Primary education/illiterate	988	10.6	45	6.6	418	10.9	525	11.4
	Primary education/literate	4921	55.3	375	53.5	2051	56.8	2498	54.6
	Secondary or higher	1107	13.1	248	33.4	544	14.9	315	6.7
Marital status	Married or cohabiting	7388	82.5	551	78.1	2939	79.8	3898	85.6
Marital status	Not married or cohabiting	1527	17.5	156	21.9	732	20.2	639	14.4
Maternal age group (in years)	<20	1555	17.8	90	13.4	662	18.3	803	18.5
	20–29	4417	49.5	417	58.7	1802	48.3	2198	48.3
	30–49	2943	32.7	200	27.9	1207	33.4	1536	33.2
Maternal decision-making about health	Self (fully or partly)	6743	75.6	581	81.8	2809	77.2	3353	72.8
Maternal decision-making about health	Others	2172	24.4	126	18.2	862	22.8	1184	27.2
Maternal relocation (fewer than 5 years lived in current residence)	Yes	2275	25.8	432	37.7	2608	27.9	3600	21.3
	No	6640	74.2	275	62.3	1063	72.1	937	78.7
Maternal anaemia at survey	Yes	4000	45.3	311	45.1	1635	44.9	2054	45.3
Maternal anaemia at survey	No	4915	54.7	396	54.9	2036	55.1	2483	54.7
Maternal mobile ownership	Yes	3958	46.0	600	84.8	1842	50.7	1516	32.9
Maternal mobile ownership	No	4957	54.0	107	15.2	1829	49.3	3021	67.1
Ownership of health insurance	Yes	670	7.5	73	9.2	319	9.1	278	7.5
Ownership of health insurance	No	8245	92.5	634	90.8	3352	90.9	4259	92.5
Travel to nearest hospital (hours)	Less than 2 hours	7444	87.8	707	100.0	3474	97.3	3429	77.1
Travel to nearest hospital (hours)	Two hours or more	1471	12.2	0	0	197	2.7	1108	22.9
		Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE
Travel to nearest hospital (minutes)		59.6	3.6	4.7	0.50	38.1	2.40	90.0	6.30
Household size (mean number of members)		7.2	0.14	5.8	0.20	7.1	0.17	7.6	0.26
Part B: Additional variables available for all live births (n=8739)
		n	Column %	n	Column %	n	Column %	n	Column %
Mode of delivery	Vaginal	8263	94.1	589	84.8	3398	94.2	4276	96.2
Mode of delivery	Caesarean	476	5.9	103	15.2	199	5.8	174	3.8
Multiple birth	Yes	297	3.6	28	4.8	129	3.3	140	3.6
Multiple birth	No	8442	96.4	664	95.2	3468	96.7	4310	96.4
Birth order and preceding birth interval (months)	First child	2094	24.7	244	35.0	883	24.7	967	22.2
	Second/third; <24	568	6.3	40	5.9	233	6.2	295	6.6
	Second/third; 24+	2345	27.8	275	40.4	1011	28.3	1059	24.4
	Fourth+; <24	712	7.7	18	2.2	262	7.4	432	9.2
	Fourth+; 24+	3020	33.5	115	16.5	1208	33.4	1697	37.6
Sex of child	Male	4438	49.2	370	46.8	1826	51.0	2242	50.0
Sex of child	Female	4301	50.8	322	53.2	1771	49.0	2208	50.0
Pregnancy wanted at the time	Yes	6092	69.4	481	69.3	2419	66.9	3192	71.6
Pregnancy wanted at the time	No	2647	30.6	211	30.7	1178	33.1	1258	28.4
Place of birth	Home	3336	37.5	48	6.6	1166	31.9	2122	49.4
	Lower-level facility	2750	30.6	157	25.1	1174	32.1	1419	30.7
	Hospital	2653	31.9	487	68.3	1257	36.0	909	19.9
Part C: Additional variables available for most recent live births (n=6099)**
Antenatal care during pregnancy	No ANC	124	2.0	11	1.7	34	1.4	79	2.7
	1–3 visits	2981	47.3	160	26.9	1283	49.3	1538	51.5
	4 or more visits	2994	50.7	389	71.4	1227	49.3	1378	45.8
Child weighed at birth	Yes	4050	67.5	537	96.1	1842	73.2	1671	54.3
Child weighed at birth	No	2049	32.5	23	3.9	702	26.8	1324	45.7
Part D: Additional variable available for most recent live births whose birth weight was taken (n=4050)**
Child’s birth weight category (in grams)	Low (<2500 g)	248	6.2	40	7.3	109	6.0	99	5.8
	Normal (2500–4000 g)	3547	87.7	473	88.7	1609	87.0	1465	88.0
	Macrosomia (>4000 g)	255	6.1	24	4.0	124	7.0	107	6.2

*Child’s birth weight is available for all live births but we restricted to most recent live births to improve accuracy of recall and flow of analysis subsamples.
ANC, antenatal care.