Table 4

Bivariate associations with neonatal death and perinatal death

		Neonatal death (n=217)			Perinatal death (n=393)
		OR	95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI	P value
		n=8739 (all live births)			n=8915 (all births)
Urbanicity class	Core urban	1.85	1.12 to 3.08	0.017	1.6	1.12 to 2.3	0.011
	Semi-urban	1.13	0.8 to 1.62	0.476	1.06	0.82 to 1.37	0.67
	Rural	Ref			Ref
Geographical zone	Western	1.06	0.58 to 1.96	0.837	0.88	0.58 to 1.32	0.532
	Lake	Ref			Ref
	Northern	0.93	0.47 to 1.84	0.838	0.88	0.51 to 1.51	0.65
	Central	1.32	0.71 to 2.47	0.385	1.05	0.67 to 1.64	0.837
	Southwest highlands	1.55	0.84 to 2.84	0.158	1.06	0.69 to 1.63	0.797
	Southern highlands	1.5	0.77 to 2.91	0.23	1.06	0.68 to 1.67	0.788
	Southern	2.19	1.13 to 4.25	0.021	2.11	1.34 to 3.14	0.001
	Eastern	2.01	1.18 to 3.43	0.01	1.46	1 to 2.13	0.048
Household wealth quintile	Poorest	Ref			Ref
	Poorer	1.52	0.92 to 2.51	0.103	1.24	0.84 to 1.82	0.287
	Middle	1.11	0.66 to 1.86	0.702	1.38	0.97 to 1.98	0.076
	Richer	1.81	1.08 to 3.04	0.024	1.43	0.97 to 2.11	0.068
	Richest	2	1.16 to 3.43	0.012	1.42	0.94 to 2.12	0.092
Maternal education and literacy	No education	Ref			Ref
	Primary education/illiterate	2	1.05 to 3.81	0.036	1.34	0.84 to 2.15	0.215
	Primary education/literate	2.34	1.46 to 3.73	<0.001	1.52	1.09 to 2.12	0.014
	Secondary or higher	2.25	1.25 to 4.05	0.007	1.23	0.8 to 1.9	0.352
Marital status	Married or cohabiting	Ref			Ref
Marital status	Not married or cohabiting	1.24	0.87 to 1.78	0.234	1.23	0.91 to 1.66	0.177
Maternal age group (in years)	<20	1.53	1.02 to 2.3	0.041	1.5	1.08 to 2.1	0.017
	20–29	Ref			Ref
	30–49	1.08	0.71 to 1.65	0.704	1.09	0.81 to 1.44	0.571
Maternal decision-making about health	Self (fully or partly)	Ref			Ref
Maternal decision-making about health	Others	1.02	0.68 to 1.54	0.918	1.15	0.85 to 1.56	0.366
Maternal relocation (<5 years lived in current residence)	Yes	1.15	0.78 to 1.7	0.468	1.07	0.8 to 1.43	0.663
Maternal relocation (<5 years lived in current residence)	No	Ref			Ref
Maternal anaemia at survey	Yes	1.36	1 to 1.84	0.049	1.35	1.07 to 1.7	0.011
Maternal anaemia at survey	No	Ref			Ref
Maternal mobile ownership	Yes	1.24	0.9 to 1.72	0.187	1.06	0.83 to 1.35	0.632
Maternal mobile ownership	No	Ref			Ref
Ownership of health insurance	Yes	1.41	0.78 to 2.53	0.258	1.15	0.68 to 1.94	0.591
Ownership of health insurance	No	Ref			Ref
Travel to nearest hospital (hours)		0.92	0.75 to 1.13	0.425	0.97	0.86 to 1.1	0.675
Number of household members		0.9	0.83 to 0.97	0.005	0.92	0.87 to 0.97	0.002
Mode of delivery	Vaginal	Ref
Mode of delivery	Caesarean	2.22	1.3 to 3.79	0.003
Multiple birth	Yes	5.4	3.08 to 9.45	<0.001
Multiple birth	No	Ref
Birth order and preceding birth interval (months)	First child	2.1	1.38 to 3.16	<0.001
	Second/third; <24	1.25	0.57 to 2.77	0.575
	Second/third; 24+	Ref
	Fourth+; <24	1.72	0.96 to 3.05	0.066
	Fourth+; 24+	1.22	0.76 to 1.96	0.403
Sex of child	Male	1.41	1.02 to 1.95	0.04
Sex of child	Female	Ref
Pregnancy wanted at the time	Yes	Ref
Pregnancy wanted at the time	No	0.78	0.55 to 1.13	0.187
Place of birth	Home	Ref
	Lower-level facility	1.3	0.87 to 1.93	0.198
	Hospital	1.76	1.19 to 2.59	0.005
		n=6099 (most recent live births)
Antenatal care during pregnancy	No ANC	3.32	1.14 to 9.64	0.028
	1–3 visits	1.13	0.73 to 1.76	0.587
	4 or more visits	Ref
Child weighed at birth	Yes	0.76	0.48 to 1.22	0.255
Child weighed at birth	No	Ref
		n=4050 (most recent live births with weight available)
Child's birth weight category (in grams)	Low (<2500 g)	5.34	2.62 to 10.88	<0.001
	Normal (2500–4000 g)	Ref
	Macrosomia (>4000 g)	2.77	1.12 to 6.88	0.028

Grey shading—variable not available for all observations.
ANC, antenatal care .