Study characteristics and pooled prevalence for sleep outcomes
| Study | Sleep outcome | Diagnostic/Screening instrument used | Pooled effect estimates (95% CI) | Heterogeneity (I2) | Total # of people | Total # of studies | AMSTAR 2 rating | Impact on MH |
| Ma et al21 | Sleep disorders | ISI and CSHQ | Pooled prevalence=44.2% (20.7 to 67.7) | 94.8% | 1695 | 2 | Low | Negative |
| Sharma et al25 | Any sleep disturbance in children | Specific study questionnaire (n=5); SDSC; PSQI; CSHQ; Canadian Health Measures Survey and the Brief Infant/Child Sleep Questionnaire | Pooled prevalence=54% (50 to 57) | 81% | 9600 | 3 | Critically low | Negative |
| Sharma et al25 | Any sleep disturbance in preschool children | Specific study questionnaire (n=5); SDSC; PSQI; CSHQ; Canadian Health Measures Survey and the Brief Infant/Child Sleep Questionnaire | Pooled prevalence=87% (58 to 130) | 93% | 2545 | 2 | Critically low | Positive |
| Sharma et al25 | Sleep duration (proportion of children not meeting sleep duration recommendations) | Specific study questionnaire (n=5); SDSC; PSQI; CSHQ; Canadian Health Measures Survey and the Brief Infant/Child Sleep Questionnaire | Pooled prevalence=49% (39 to 58) | 99% | 14 121 | 4 | Critically low | Negative |
| Panda et al28 | Sleep disturbance | Specific study questionnaire (n=7); PHQ-9; GAD-7; IES-R; DSM-5; SCAS, CDI; STAI; CBCL; SCARED; Short Version of SAS; Coping Style Scale and Internet Addiction Scale | Pooled prevalence=21.3% (18.7 to 24.1) | 39% | 21 330 | 11 | Critically low | Unclear |
| Bussières et al33 | Sleep duration | SDQ; KCYWI and not reported | g=0.324 (0.10 to 0.55) | 98.02% | Not reported | 9 | Critically low | Negative |
CBCL, Child Behaviour Checklist; CDI, Children’s Depression Inventory; CSHQ, Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire; DSM-5, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5; GAD-7, General Anxiety Disorder-7; IES-R, Impact of Event Scale- Revised; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; KCYWI, Korean Children and Youth Well-being Index; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SAS, Self-rating Anxiety Scale; SCARED, Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Disorders; SCAS, Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale; SDQ, Sleep Disorders Questionnaire; SDSC, Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children; STAI, State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory.