Study | Outcome | Diagnostic/Screening instrument used | Pooled effect estimates (95% CI) | Heterogeneity (I2) | Total # of people | Total # of studies | AMSTAR 2 rating | Impact on MH |
Ma et al21 | Post-traumatic stress symptoms | PCL-C and IES-R | Pooled prevalence=48.0% (−25.4 to 121.4) | 100% | 5084 | 2 | Low | Unclear |
Panda et al28 | Irritability | Specific study questionnaire (n=7); PHQ-9; GAD-7; IES-R; DSM-5; SCAS, CDI; STAI; CBCL; SCARED; Short Version of SAS; Coping Style Scale and Internet Addiction Scale | Pooled prevalence=42.3% (39.4 to 45.7) | 31% | 21 330 | 11 | Critically low | Negative |
Panda et al28 | Boredom | Specific study questionnaire (n=7); PHQ-9; GAD-7; IES-R; DSM-5; SCAS, CDI; STAI; CBCL; SCARED; Short Version of SAS; Coping Style Scale and Internet Addiction Scale | Pooled prevalence=35.2% (32.9 to 39.1) | 35% | 21 330 | 11 | Critically low | Negative |
Panda et al28 | Excessive fear | Specific study questionnaire (n=7); PHQ-9; GAD-7; IES-R; DSM-5; SCAS, CDI; STAI; CBCL; SCARED; Short Version of SAS; Coping Style Scale and Internet Addiction Scale | Pooled prevalence=22.5% (19.3 to 25.4) | 41% | 21 330 | 11 | Critically low | Negative |
Panda et al28 | Inattention | Specific study questionnaire (n=7); PHQ-9; GAD-7; IES-R; DSM-5; SCAS, CDI; STAI; CBCL; SCARED; Short Version of SAS; Coping Style Scale and Internet Addiction Scale | Pooled prevalence=30.8% (27.9 to 32.8) | 29% | 21 330 | 11 | Critically low | Negative |
Panda et al28 | Overall psychological symptoms | Specific study questionnaire (n=7); PHQ-9; GAD-7; IES-R; DSM-5; SCAS, CDI; STAI; CBCL; SCARED; Short Version of SAS; Coping Style Scale and Internet Addiction Scale | Pooled prevalence=79.4% (71.8 to 88.3) | 52% | 21 330 | 11 | Critically low | Negative |
Bussières et al33 | Overall mental health | PedsQL; SDQ; SCARED; DASS-21; KCYWI; Kidscreen-27; SENA; CBCL; WHO-5-J; CY-BOCS; CDI-SF | g=0.3 (0.14 to 0.45) | 98.02% | 10 039 | 16 | Critically low | Negative |
Bussières et al33 | Internalising symptoms | PedsQL; SDQ; SCARED; RCADS; DASS-21; KCYWI; SENA; CBCL; CDI-SF | g=0.215 (0.06 to 0.37) | 98.02% | 8916 | 19 | Critically low | Negative |
Bussières et al33 | Externalising symptoms | SDQ; SCARED; SENA; CBCL | g=0.141 (0.08 to 0.21) | 98.02% | 5729 | 15 | Critically low | Negative |
Chai et al34 | Overall mental problems | DASS-21; SCL-90; SCARED; DSRS; MMHI-60; GAD-7; PSS-10; SCSQ; PHQ-9; CDI-SF; CDI; SSS | Pooled prevalence=28% (22 to 34) | 99% | 26 821 | 11 | Low | Negative |
CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist.CDI, Children’s Depression Inventory; CDI-SF, Short version of CDI; CY-BOCS, Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale; DASS-21, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale; DSM-5, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5; DSRS, Depression Self-rating Scale for Children; GAD-7, General Anxiety Disorder-7; IES-R, Impact of Event Scale-Revised; KCYWI, Korean Children and Youth Wellbeing Index; MMHI-60, Mental Health Inventory of Middle-school Students-60; PCL-C, The PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version; PedsQL, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PSS-10, Perceived Stress Scale; RCADS, Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale; SAS, Self-rating Anxiety Scale; SCARED, Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Disorders; SCAS, Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale; SCL-90, Symptom Checklist; SCSQ, Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire; SDQ, Sleep Disorders Questionnaire; SENA, System of Evaluation of Children and Adolescent; SSS, Somatic Self-rating Scale; STAI, State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory; WHO-5-J, World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index;