Table 2

Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD)-estimated mortality rate (MR) of mesothelioma by country status and period in 198 countries*

Country status	Status (countries with data, N)	GBD-estimated MR (average)	GBD-estimated MR (median)	P value†
Country status	Status (countries with data, N)	(Deaths per million per year)		P value†
Asbestos ban	Banned (54)	5.14	3.13	0.0004
	Not-banned (144)	2.55	1.79	0.0004
Mesothelioma identification	Identified (102)	3.80	2.26	0.0231
	Not-identified (96)	2.69	1.85	0.0231
Ban and identification	Banned and identified (48)	5.39	3.34	<0.0001
	Banned and not-identified (6)	3.15	2.18
	Not-banned and identified (54)	2.39	1.79
	Not-banned and not-identified (90)	2.65	1.79
Period before year of ban or 2019‡
1–5 years	Banned (54)	5.17	2.86	0.0002
	Not-banned (144)	2.46	1.80	0.0002
6–10 years	Banned (48)	4.72	2.86	0.0018
	Not-banned (144)	2.49	1.82	0.0018
>10 years	Banned (39)	4.23	2.60	0.0208
	Not-banned (144)	2.59	1.82	0.0208
All years	Banned (54)	5.14	3.13	0.0004
	Not-banned (144)	2.55	1.79	0.0004

See Methods for full definition of asbestos ban and mesothelioma identification.
* Six ‘early-banned’ countries that banned asbestos in or before 1990, that is, Austria, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland, are precluded from this analysis and are analysed separately in table 4. See Methods for full explanation.
†P value is for difference of average GBD-estimated MR between two groups or across groups.
‡Period before the year of ban in asbestos-banned countries or period before 2019 in not-banned countries.