Results of systematic review of global variations of offspring outcomes born to women with SARS-CoV-2 infection by (A) geographical region and (B) country income status.
| Stillbirths | Early neonatal mortality | Admission to neonatal intensive care | |||||||
| No of studies (No of women) | Proportion (95% CI) | I2 (%) | No of studies (No. of women) | Proportion (95% CI) | I2 (%) | No. of studies (No of women) | Proportion (95% CI) | I2 (%) | |
| A.Geographical region | |||||||||
| East Asia and the Pacific | 14 (492) | 0.00% (0.00 to 0.53) | 0 | 15 (547) | 0.00% (0.00 to 0.04) | 0 | 9 (363) | 40.78% (9.86 to 76.18) | 97.8 |
| Europe and Central Asia | 23 (23901) | 0.00% (0.00 to 0.09) | 69 | 25 (23420) | 0.00% (0.00 to 0.00) | 62 | 23 (15374) | 12.52% (7.43 to 18.57) | 98.6 |
| Latin America and the Caribbean | 10 (1750) | 1.97% (0.90 to 3.33) | 46 | 8 (861) | 0.53% (0.00 to 2.41) | 58 | 7 (865) | 10.69% (4.72 to 18.41) | 85.1 |
| Middle East and North Africa | 7 (719) | 0.65% (0.07 to 1.59) | 0 | 15 (1128) | 0.33% (0.00 to 1.41) | 47 | 11 (817) | 13.92% (7.72 to 21.41) | 84.1 |
| North America | 28 (17408) | 0.18% (0.04 to 0.39) | 36 | 19 (7018) | 0.00% (0.00 to 0.05) | 8 | 31 (6898) | 22.85% (16.18 to 30.25) | 97.5 |
| South Asia | 16 (2381) | 1.69% (0.61 to 3.13) | 66 | 14 (1940) | 1.39% (0.26 to 3.10) | 73 | 12 (1661) | 24.37% (7.72 to 46.17) | 98.5 |
| Multi-regional* | 3 (2201) | 1.19% (0.48 to 2.18) | NA | 4 (3127) | 0.44% (0.05 to 1.11) | 77 | 12 (9381) | 11.88% (8.81 to 15.33) | 87.4 |
| Subgroup effect | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p=0.002 | ||||||
| B. Country income status† | |||||||||
| High | 56 (33397) | 0.12% (0.02 to 0.28) | 55 | 51 (23041) | 0.00% (0.00 to 0.01) | 44 | 58 (22648) | 18.12% (14.00 to 22.61) | 98.2 |
| Upper middle | 2 (8555) | 0.11% (0.03 to 0.23) | NA | 3 (8665) | 0.88% (0.00 to 4.57) | NA | 2 (180) | 10.90% (6.66 to 15.97) | NA |
| Lower middle | 41 (4724) | 1.09% (0.48 to 1.88) | 57 | 43 (3226) | 0.62% (0.13 to 1.34) | 48 | 34 (3112) | 24.80% (14.70 to 36.41) | 97.7 |
| Multiple | 3 (2201) | 1.19% (0.48 to 2.18) | NA | 4 (3127) | 0.44% (0.05 to 1.11) | 77 | 4 (3127) | 11.88% (8.81 to 15.33) | 87.4 |
| Subgroup effect | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p=0.004 | ||||||
Bold text denotes p-value <0.05
*Multiregional includes studies from all seven geographical regions. Details outlined in online supplemental 3.
†No eligible studies reported on lower income countries.