Global variations of maternal outcomes among pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection by (A) geographical region and (B) country income status
| Maternal mortality | Admission to intensive care | Invasive ventilation | Preterm birth | |||||||||
| No of studies (No of women) | Proportion (95% CI) | I2 (%) | No of studies (No of women) | Proportion (95% CI) | I2 (%) | No of studies (No of women) | Proportion (95% CI) | I2 (%) | No of studies (No of women) | Proportion (95% CI) | I2 (%) | |
| A. Geographical region | ||||||||||||
| East Asia and Pacific | 19 (797) | 0.00% (0.00 to 0.40) | 0 | 10 (403) | 2.04% (0.49 to 4.26) | 14 | 6 (286) | 0.07% (0.00 to 2.51) | 0 | 21 (761) | 11.63% (8.33 to 15.35) | 48 |
| Europe and Central Asia | 33 (24906) | 0.00% (0.00 to 0.00) | 61 | 38 (25606) | 3.26% (2.27 to 4.39) | 89 | 23 (23176) | 1.43% (0.72 to 2.30) | 90 | 37 (25870) | 10.79% (8.27 to 13.56) | 96 |
| Latin America and the Caribbean | 16 (27961) | 0.64% (0.04 to 1.67) | 97 | 18 (20565) | 4.92% (1.67 to 9.50) | 99 | 12 (18699) | 5.20% (2.03 to 9.49) | 98 | 16 (8258) | 13.66% (9.85 to 17.93) | 92 |
| Middle East and North Africa | 20 (1465) | 0.61% (0.04 to 1.61) | 38 | 19 (1510) | 5.56 (3.07 to 8.62) | 75 | 10 (858) | 2.52% (0.69 to 5.12) | 61 | 20 (1514) | 21.91% (16.22 to 28.15) | 86 |
| North America | 12 (119879) | 0.00% (0.00 to 0.00) | 0 | 16 (123585) | 1.76 (0.75 to 3.09) | 96 | 10 (122467) | 0.43% (0.00 to 1.33) | 96 | 57 (20381) | 12.24% (10.49 to 14.09) | 89 |
| South Asia | 17 (2023) | 0.88% (0.16 to 1.95) | 51 | 12 (2067) | 3.23% (1.41 to 5.61) | 96 | 9 (1617) | 0.53% (0.00 to 2.15) | 72 | 18 (2435) | 14.80% (10.57 to 19.56) | 86 |
| Multi-regional* | 5 (3833) | 0.72% (0.39 to 1.14) | 43 | 5 (3833) | 6.10% (4.01 to 8.59) | 89 | 2 (1275) | 4.39% (3.33 to 5.60) | NA | 5 (3833) | 14.64% (10.64 to 19.15) | 93 |
| Subgroup effect | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p<0.001 | p=0.045 | ||||||||
| B. Country income status† | ||||||||||||
| High | 49 (137273) | 0.00% (0.00 to 0.00) | 35 | 58 (141694) | 3.20% (2.26 to 4.28) | 96 | 36 (137490) | 1.47% (0.82 to 2.25) | 95 | 103 (38958) | 12.05% (10.54 to 13.63) | 93 |
| Upper middle | 67 (8665) | 0.87% (0.00 to 5.40) | NA | 3 (8665) | 4.19% (1.42 to 8.19) | NA | 2 (8500) | 0.00 (0.00 to 0.00) | NA | 5 (8930) | 18.81% (6.33 to 35.77) | 98 |
| Lower middle | 3 (31136) | 0.68% (0.24 to 1.27) | 88 | 54 (23420) | 4.53% (2.57 to 6.91) | 97 | 32 (21113) | 2.20 (0.84 to 4.00) | 96 | 63 (11374) | 15.06% (12.59 to 17.70) | 88 |
| Multiple | 5 (3833) | 0.72% (0.39 to 1.14) | 43 | 5 (3833) | 6.10% (4.01 to 8.59) | 89 | 2 (1275) | 4.39 (3.33 to 5.60) | NA | 5 (3833) | 14.64% (10.64 to 19.15) | 93 |
| Subgroup effect | p<0.001 | p=0.297 | p<0.001 | p=0.176 | ||||||||
Bold text denotes p-value <0.05.
*Multiregional includes studies from all seven geographical regions. Details outlined in online supplemental 3.
†No eligible studies reported on lower-income countries.