Association between multimorbidity with OOPE for medicines (元 & US$) based on the generalised linear model and quantile regression model to examine cost distribution in China, 2015
| Outpatient OOPE for medicine (coefficient, 95% CI) | US$ | |||||||||
| Variables | Mean | 25th percentile | 50th percentile | 75th percentile | 90th percentile | |||||
| Absolute difference | Absolute difference | Absolute difference | Absolute difference | |||||||
| China | US$ | China | US$ | China | US$ | China | US$ | China | ||
| No of physical LTCs | 13.2 (−3.4 to 29.8) | 3.6 (−0.91 to 8.1) | 3.6 (1.9 to 5.4) | 1.0 (0.5 to 1.5) | 8.4 (3.1 to 13.6) | 2.3 (0.8−3.7) | 22.5 (6.3 to 38.7) | 6.1 (1.7−10.5) | 28.3 (−19.9 to 76.5) | 7.7 (−5.4 to 20.7) |
| Mental health condition | −23.3 (−119.72.6) | −6.3 (−32.2 to 19.6) | 3.0 (−6.4 to 12.4) | 0.8 (−1.7 to 3.3) | −4.3 (−32.7 to 24.1) | −1.2 (−8.8 to 6.5) | −25.6 (−112.8 to 61.7) | −6.9 (−30.5 to 16.7) | −84.2 (−343.0 to 174.7) | −22.7 (−92.7 to 47.2) |
| No of physical LTCs × mental health condition | 6.1 (−22.0 to 34.1) | 1.63 (−5.95 to 9.21) | −1.2 (−3.9 to 1.4) | −0.3 (−1.0 to 0.4) | 2.6 (−5.3 to 10.6) | 0.7 (−1.4 to 2.9) | 6.1 (−18.3 to 30.6) | 1.7 (−4.9 to 8.3) | 37.5 (−35.0 to 110.0) | 10.1 (−9.5 to 29.7) |
| Economic status (ref. first quintile (lowest)) | ||||||||||
| Second quintile | 1.0 (−61.7 to 63.8) | 0.28 (−16.7 to 17.2) | 0.6 (−7.1 to 8.3) | 0.2 (−1.9 to 2.2) | 10.5 (−12.8 to 33.8) | 2.8 (−3.5 to 9.1) | 23.7 (−47.9 to 95.3) | 6.4 (−12.9 to 25.8) | 78.3 (−134.2 to 290.9) | 21.2 (−36.3 to 78.6) |
| Third quintile | 5.8 (−63.1 to 74.7) | 1.57 (−17.1 to 20.2) | 5.3 (−2.5 to 13.1) | 1.4 (−0.7 to 3.5) | 6.6 (−17.0 to 30.3) | 1.8 (−4.6 to 8.2) | 14.2 (−58.5 to 87.0) | 3.8 (−15.8 to 23.5) | −23.3 (−239.1 to 192.5) | −6.3 (−64.6 to 52.0) |
| Fourth quintile | 64.2 (−3.1 to 131.5) | 17.3 (−0.84−35.5) | 7.4 (−0.4 to 15.2) | 2.0 (−0.1 to 4.1) | 34.9 (11.2 to 58.5) | 9.4 (3.0 to 15.8) | 91.2 (18.5 to 163.8) | 24.6 (5.0−44.3) | 167.5 (−48.1 to 383.1) | 45.3 (−13.0 to 103.5) |
| Fifth quintile (highest) | 154.3 (68.0 to 240.6) | 41.7 (18.4 to 65.0) | 7.4 (−0.3 to 15.1) | 2.0 (−0.1 to 4.1) | 48.2 (24.9 to 71.5) | 13.0 (6.7 to 19.3) | 124.2 (52.5 to 195.9) | 33.6 (14.2−52.9) | 306.7 (94.0 to 519.3) | 82.9 (25.4−140.3) |
| Gender (ref. female) | ||||||||||
| Male | 5.0 (−52.2 to 62.3) | 1.4 (−14.1 to 16.8) | −0.5 (−5.5 to 4.5) | −0.1 (−1.5 to 1.2) | 0.0 (−15.2 to 15.2) | 0.0 (−4.1 to 4.1) | 0.8 (−46.0 to 47.5) | 0.2 (−12.4 to 12.8) | 0.8 (−137.9 to 139.6) | 0.2 (−37.3 to 37.7) |
| Age group (ref. 45–54) | ||||||||||
| 55–64 | 35.6 (−35.5 to 106.7) | 9.6 (−9.6−28.8) | 2.2 (−3.7 to 8.1) | 0.6 (−1.0 to 2.2) | 6.9 (−11.0 to 24.7) | 1.9 (−3.0 to 6.7) | 9.5 (−45.4 to 64.5) | 2.6 (−12.3 to 17.4) | 50.8 (−112.2 to 213.9) | 13.7 (−30.3 to 57.8) |
| 65–74 | 5.2 (−68.6 to 79.0) | 1.4 (−18.5−21.3) | 0.6 (−6.1 to 7.2) | 0.2 (−1.6 to 2.0) | 2.4 (−17.8 to 22.5) | 0.6 (−4.8 to 6.1) | −10.5 (−72.5 to 51.5) | −2.8 (−19.6 to 13.9) | 33.3 (−150.6 to 217.2) | 9.0 (−40.7 to 58.7) |
| 75+ | −14.8 (−104.0 to 74.3) | −4.0 (−28.1 to 20.1) | −4.6 (−14.9 to 5.6) | −1.2 (−4.0 to 1.5) | −11.7 (−42.8 to 19.4) | −3.2 (−11.6 to 5.2) | −26.0 (−121.5 to 69.4) | −7.0 (−32.8 to 18.8) | 148.3 (−134.9 to 431.6) | 40.1 (−36.4 to 116.6) |
| Residence (ref. urban) | ||||||||||
| Rural | 35.2 (−21.1 to 91.5) | 9.5 (−5.7 to 24.7) | 2.5 (−3.0 to 7.9) | 0.7 (−0.8 to 2.1) | 6.5 (−9.9 to 22.9) | 1.8 (−2.7 to 6.2) | 17.5 (−33.1 to 68.0) | 4.7 (−8.9 to 18.4) | 50.0 (−99.9 to 199.9) | 13.5 (−27.0 to 54.0) |
| Marital status (ref. currently married) | ||||||||||
| Not married | 42.8 (−61.8 to 147.4) | 11.6 (−16.7 to 39.8) | 2.0 (−4.5 to 8.4) | 0.5 (−1.2 to 2.3) | 7.3 (−12.2 to 26.8) | 2.0 (−3.3 to 7.2) | −2.5 (−62.4 to 57.3) | −0.7 (−16.9 to 15.5) | 10.8 (−166.7 to 188.4) | 2.9 (−45.1 to 50.9) |
| Education Status (ref. primary or less) | ||||||||||
| Secondary | −21.8 (−77.7 to 34.0) | −5.9 (−21.0 to 9.2) | −2.2 (−8.5 to 4.2) | −0.6 (−2.3 to 1.1) | −1.4 (−20.7 to 17.9) | −0.4 (−5.6 to 4.8) | −13.0 (−72.3 to 46.3) | −3.5 (−19.5 to 12.5) | −33.3 (−209.3 to 142.7) | −9.0 (−56.6 to 38.5) |
| Tertiary or higher | 54.1 (−48.2 to 156.4) | 14.6 (−13.0 to 42.3) | −0.1 (−5.5 to 4.5) | 0.0 (−2.3 to 2.3) | 3.3 (−22.3 to 28.9) | 0.9 (−6.0 to 7.8) | −29.1 (−107.8 to 49.7) | −7.9 (−29.1 to 13.4) | 211.7 (−22.0 to 445.3) | 57.2 (−5.9 to 120.3) |
| Health insurance status (ref. no) | ||||||||||
| UEBMI | −24.2 (−120.1 to 71.7) | −6.5 (−32.5 to 19.4) | −8.2 (−20.6 to 4.1) | −2.2 (−5.6 to 1.1) | −3.5 (−40.9 to 33.9) | −0.9 (−11.0 to 9.2) | −62.1 (−177.0 to 52.8) | −16.8 (−47.8 to 14.3) | −146.7 (−487.6 to 194.2) | −39.6 (−131.7 to 52.5) |
| URBMI | 21.2 (−88.4 to 130.9) | 5.7 (−23.9 to 35.4) | 3.4 (−10.0 to 16.8) | 0.9 (−2.7 to 4.5) | 26.6 (−14.1 to 67.3) | 7.2 (−3.8 to 18.2) | 4.5 (−120.5 to 129.5) | 1.2 (−32.5 to 35.0) | −230.0 (−600.8 to 140.8) | −62.1 (−162.3 to 38.0) |
| NRCMS | 39.1 (−32.9 to 111.1) | 10.6 (−8.9 to 30.0) | 1.7 (−8.2 to 11.6) | 0.5 (−2.2 to 3.1) | 16.0 (−14.1 to 46.1) | 4.3 (−3.8 to 12.4) | −39.2 (−131.6 to 53.1) | −10.6 (−35.6 to 14.3) | −268.3 (−542.3 to 5.7) | −72.5 (−146.5 to 1.5) |
| Other | −5.6 (−139.0 to 127.8) | −1.5 (−37.6 to 34.5) | −6.2 (−24.6 to 12.2) | −1.7 (−6.6 to 3.3) | 42.8 (−13.1 to 98.7) | 11.6 (−3.5 to 26.7) | −13.9 (−185.6 to 157.7) | −3.8 (−50.1 to 42.6) | −92.5 (−601.8 to 416.8) | −25.0 (−162.6 to 112.6) |
| Region (ref. east) | ||||||||||
| Central | 37.9 (−32.1 to 108.0) | 10.2 (−8.7 to 29.2) | −2.6 (−8.2 to 3.0) | −0.7 (−2.2 to 0.8) | −3.5 (−20.5 to 13.5) | −0.9 (−5.5 to 3.6) | 37.7 (−14.5 to 89.9) | 10.2 (−3.9 to 24.3) | 192.5 (37.6 to 347.4) | 52.0 (10.2 to 93.9) |
| West | −45.9 (−110.0 to 18.1) | −12.4 (−29.7 to 4.9) | 1.7 (−4.4 to 7.8) | 0.5 (−1.2 to 2.1) | −12.4 (−30.9 to 6.0) | −3.4 (−8.3 to 1.6) | −50.6 (−107.2 to 6.1) | −13.7 (−29.0 to 1.7) | −90.0 (−258.2 to 78.2) | −24.3 (−69.8 to 21.1) |
Mean values were derived from a generalised linear model.
All estimates adjusted for sample weight. Bolded values indicate p<0.05.
LTCs, long term conditions ; NRCMS, New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme; OOPE, out-of-pocket expenditure; UEBMI, Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance ; URBMI, Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance.