Table 1

Model summary: parameters and data sources

ParameterUsed to calculateData source
Total healthcare expendituresDirect medical cost: healthcare expendituresWHO Global Health Expenditure Database15
Total healthcare expenditure projectionsDirect medical cost: healthcare expendituresGBD Health Financing Collaborator Network (2019)44
OAO-attributable fraction of healthcare expendituresDirect medical cost: healthcare expenditures“The Heavy Burden of Obesity: The Economics of Prevention”, OECD Health Policy Studies34
Average cost of gasolineDirect non-medical cost: travel costs for inpatient and outpatient visits for persons with obesity; informal caregiver (ICG) travel costWorld Bank World Development Indicators16
Average fuel efficiencyDirect non-medical cost: travel costs for inpatient and outpatient visits for persons with obesity; informal caregiver (ICG) travel costInternational Energy Agency (2019)19
Average number of additional hospitalisations by population with OAODirect non-medical cost: travel costs for inpatient and outpatient visits for persons with obesity; informal caregiver (ICG) travel costKudel, I et al.,45 Korda, RJ et al.,46 Espallardo, O et al.,47 Nørtoft, Chubb, and Borglykke,48 Gupta, Richard, and Forsythe,49 Elrashidi, MY et al.50
Average number of additional outpatient visits by population with OAODirect non-medical cost: travel costs for inpatient and outpatient visits for persons with OAOKudel, I et al.,45 Espallardo,O et al.,47 Elrashidi, MY et al.,50 Peterson and Mahmoudi,51 Gudzune, KA et al.,52 Nørtoft, Chubb, and Borglykke,48 DiBonaventura, M et al.,53 Gupta, Richard, and Forsythe49
OAO prevalenceAll components (direct and indirect costs)N.C.D. Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)32
Average wageDirect non-medical cost; indirect cost: absenteeism; indirect cost: presenteeismILOSTAT and Global Wage Report 2020-2117 54
OAO-attributable mortalityIndirect cost: premature mortalityGlobal Burden of Disease Study (GBD)14
Life expectancyIndirect cost: premature mortalityUnited Nations Population Division (UNPD)18
Background death ratesIndirect cost: premature mortalityUnited Nations Population Division (UNPD)18
Annual gross domestic product (GDP) per capitaIndirect cost: premature mortalityIMF World Economic Outlook and UNPD18 55
Additional days absentIndirect cost: absenteeismCatalina-Romero, C et al.,56Dibonaventura, M et al.,53 Lehnert, T et al.,57 58 Gupta, Richard, and Forsythe,49 Kudel, I et al.,45 Van Nuys, K et al.,59 Andreyeva, Luedicke, and Wang, et al.,60 Keramat, SA et al.,61 Gifford, B62
Employment ratesIndirect cost: absenteeism; presenteeismWorld Bank World Development Indicators16
Additional presenteeism rateIndirect cost: presenteeismKudel, I et al.,45 DiBonaventura, M et al.,58 Gifford, B,62 Gupta, Richard, and Forsythe,49 DiBonaventura, M et al.,53 Kudel, I et al.45

  • AFR, Africa; AMR, the Americas; EMR, Eastern Mediterranean; EUR, Europe; HICs, high-income countries; LICs, low-income countries; LMICs, low and middle-income countries; OAO, overweight and obesity; SEA, South-East Asian; UMICs, upper middle-income countries; WPR, Western Pacific.