Results of included studies
| Study | Exposure and outcome | Adjustments | Results | ||
| Barber and Robinson68 | Exposure Self-reported racial discrimination during the 12 months before the new baby was born | All participants, OR (95% CI) | |||
| Race/ethnicity /ethnicity, age, income, health insurance status | LBW: 2.27 (1.18 to 4.38) | ||||
| Race/ethnicity, age, education | PTB: 1.76 (0.90 to 3.43) | ||||
| Race/ethnicity, education, income, marital status | SGA: 1.31 (0.70 to 2.45) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white, OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Age, education, income, health insurance status, marital status | LBW: 0.30 (0.08 to 1.14) | ||||
| Outcome LBW (<2500 g), PTB (<37 weeks gestation), SGA (based on 10th percentile) | Age, education, income, and marital status | PTB: 0.13 (0.03 to 0.61) | |||
| Age, education, income, health insurance status, marital status, smoking during pregnancy | SGA: 1.47 (0.42 to 5.13) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic black, OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Age, income, health insurance status | LBW: 3.56 (1.28 to 9.91) | ||||
| Age, education, income, drinking during pregnancy, gestational diabetes | PTB: 7.18 (2.28 to 22.65) | ||||
| Age, income, drinking during pregnancy | SGA: 1.95 (0.55 to 6.87) | ||||
| Brown et al 201959 | Exposure Self-reported racism and discrimination in perinatal care | OR (95% CI), crude | |||
| NA | LBW: 2.1 (1.1 to 4.1) | ||||
| NA | PTB: 1.0 (0.5 to 1.9) | ||||
| NA | HBW: 0.8 (0.4 to 1.8) | ||||
| NA | SGA: 2.0 (1.1 to 3.6) | ||||
| NA | LGA: 1.0 (0.4 to 2.4) | ||||
| Model 1, OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Parity | LBW: 2.1 (1.1 to 4.1) | ||||
| Parity | HBW: 0.8 (0.4 to 1.8) | ||||
| Parity | PTB: 1.0 (0.5 to 1.9) | ||||
| Parity | SGA: 2.0 (1.1 to 3.6) | ||||
| Parity | LGA: 1.0 (0.4 to 2.4) | ||||
| Outcome LBW (<2500 g), PTB (birth <37 weeks gestation), SGA | Model 2, OR (95% CI) | ||||
| Parity, use of cigarettes and/or cannabis during pregnancy | LBW: 1.9 (1.0 to 3.8) | ||||
| Parity, use of cigarettes and/or cannabis during pregnancy | HBW: 0.9 (0.4 to 1.9) | ||||
| Parity, use of cigarettes and/or cannabis during pregnancy | PTB: 1.0 (0.5 to 1.9) | ||||
| Parity, use of cigarettes and/or cannabis during pregnancy | SGA: 1.9 (1.0 to 3.5) | ||||
| Parity, use of cigarettes and/or cannabis during pregnancy | LGA: 1.0 (0.4 to 2.5) | ||||
| Model 3, OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Parity, stressful events and stressful events/social health issues | LBW: 2.0 (1.0 to 3.9) | ||||
| Parity, stressful events and stressful events/social health issues | HIB: 0.8 (0.3 to 1.7) | ||||
| Parity, stressful events and stressful events/social health issues | PTB: 1.1 (0.5 to 2.1) | ||||
| Parity, stressful events and stressful events/social health issues | SGA: 1.7 (0.9 to 3.2) | ||||
| Parity, stressful events and stressful events/social health issues | LGA: 0.9 (0.4 to 2.2) | ||||
| Dixon et al 201255 | Exposure Self-reported racism during their lifetime | Birth weight for gestational age z-score, overall, Model 1 | |||
| Maternal age, race/ethnicity, child sex, age at outcome | 1–2 racism domains: −0.04 (−0.24 to 0.15) | ||||
| 3+ racism domains: −0.18 (−0.38 to 0.01) | |||||
| Birth weight for gestational age z-score, overall, Model 2 | |||||
| Maternal age, race/ethnicity, child sex, age at outcome, maternal nativity, education, pregnancy BMI, household income | 1–2 racism domains: −0.11 (−0.31 to −0.09) | ||||
| 3+ racism domains: NA | |||||
| Birth weight for gestational age z-score, black, Model 1 | |||||
| Maternal age, race/ethnicity, child sex, age at outcome | 1–2 racism domains: 0.00 (−0.29 to 0.28) | ||||
| 3+ racism domains: 0.00 (−0.27 to 0.27) | |||||
| Birth weight for gestational age z-score, black, Model 2 | |||||
| Maternal age, race/ethnicity, child sex, age at outcome, maternal nativity, education, pregnancy BMI, household income | 1–2 racism domains: −0.01 (−0.31 to 0.28) | ||||
| 3+ racism domains: −0.05 (−0.34 to 0.23) | |||||
| Outcome Birth weight for gestational age | Birth weight for gestational age z-score, Hispanic, Model 1 | ||||
| Maternal age, race/ethnicity, child sex, age at outcome | 1–2 racism domains: −0.04 (−0.41 to 0.34) | ||||
| 3+ racism domains: −0.52 (−0.95 to −0.10) | |||||
| Birth weight for gestational age z-score, Hispanic, Model 2 | |||||
| Maternal age, race/ethnicity, child sex, age at outcome, maternal nativity, education, pregnancy BMI, household income | 1–2 racism domains: −0.25 (−0.63 to 0.14) | ||||
| 3+ racism domains: −0.70 (−1.13 to −0.26) | |||||
| Birth weight for gestational age z-score, Asian, Model 1 | |||||
| Maternal age, race/ethnicity, child sex, age at outcome | 1–2 racism domains: −0.07 (−0.46 to 0.33) | ||||
| 3+ racism domains: −0.18 (−0.66 to 0.30) | |||||
| Birth weight for gestational age z-score, Asian, Model 2 | |||||
| Maternal age, race/ethnicity, child sex, age at outcome, maternal nativity, education, pregnancy BMI, household income | 1–2 racism domains: −0.11 (−0.51 to 0.30) | ||||
| 3+ racism domains: −0.21 (−0.70 to 0.27) | |||||
| Dominguez et al 201067 | Exposure Self-reported lifetime and childhood-vicarious racism | Gestational age, medical risk, spontaneous labour, clinic patient, parent’s education | Hierarchical linear regression models racism as predictors of birth weight | ||
| Lifetime (β) gestational age, African-American | |||||
| −0.28 | |||||
| Outcome LBW <2500 g, birth weight (g), gestational age at delivery, PTB (birth <37 weeks gestation) | Childhood-vicarious (β), African-American | ||||
| −0.01 | |||||
| Lifetime (β) gestational age, non-Hispanic white | |||||
| −0.26* | |||||
| Childhood-vicarious (β), non-Hispanic white | |||||
| −0.07 | |||||
| Janevic et al 201764 |
Exposure
Self-reported interpersonal racism during daily life Outcome LBW <2500 g | LBW, RR (95% CI) | |||
| NA | Crude: 2.1 (1.0 to 4.2) | ||||
| Age, parity, years at current residence, household wealth index | Model 1: 2.4 (1.1 to 5.2) | ||||
| Age, parity, years at current residence, household wealth index, institutional discrimination measures | Model 2: 2.5 (1.0 to 5.9) | ||||
| Mustillo et al 200449 |
Exposure
Self-reported racial discrimination during their lifetime Outcome LBW (<2500 g), PTB (birth <37 weeks gestation) | LBW, OR (95% CI), Model 6 | |||
| Race/ethnicity | 1–2 racism domains: 2.04 (0.50 to 8.31) | ||||
| 3+ racism domains: 4.81 (1.50 to 15.40) | |||||
| LBW, OR (95% CI), Model 8 | |||||
| Race/ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol use, depressive symptomatology, education, income, pregnancy net wain gain | 1–2 racism domains: 1.96 (0.51 to 7.56) | ||||
| 3+ racism domains: 4.98 (1.43 to 17.39) | |||||
| LBW, OR (95% CI), Model 9 | |||||
| Race/ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol use, depressive symptomatology, education, income, pregnancy net wain gain, gestational age | 1–2 racism domains: 1.06 (0.29 to 3.84) | ||||
| 3+ racism domains: 1.56 (0.32 to 7.76) | |||||
| PTB, OR (95% CI), Model 2 | |||||
| Race/ethnicity | 1–2 racism domains: 1.97 (0.89 to 4.38) | ||||
| 3+ racism domains: 2.42 (1.03 to 5.69) | |||||
| PTB, OR (95% CI), Model 4 | |||||
| Race/ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol use, depressive symptomatology, education, income | 1–2 racism domains: 2.05 (0.93 to 4.50) | ||||
| 3+ racism domains: 3.05 (1.29 to 7.24) | |||||
| Rankin et al 201161 |
Exposure
Self-reported racial discrimination during lifetime and past year Outcome LBW (<2500 g), PTB (birth <37 weeks gestation) | NA |
LBW-PTB, OR (95% CI), crude
High lifetime: 1.5 (0.9 to 2.8) High past-year: 2.5 (1.2 to 5.2) | ||
| Thayer et al 201953 |
Exposure
Self-reported racial discrimination across the lifetime and past year. Outcome Birth weight, gestational age | Birth weight, β coeff (95% CI), Māori | Birth weight, β coeff (95% CI), Pacific | Birth weight, β coeff (95% CI), Asian | |
| Maternal age, education, relationship status, smoking, BMI, offspring sex, household income | Any personal attack: −84.7 (−190 to 20.9) | Any personal attack: 24.8 (−109 to 159) | Any personal attack: 75.7 (−16.1 to 167) | ||
| UT health: −13.0 (−166 to 140) | UT health: 142 (−46.7 to 330) | UT health: 4.98 (−194 to 204) | |||
| UT work: −243 (−425 to −60.2) | UT work: 137 (−46.7 to 321) | UT work: 49.2 (−66.0 to 164) | |||
| UT housing: −146 (−286 to −5.93) | UT housing: 15.1 (−177 to 207) | UT housing: 188 (7.04 to 369) | |||
| UT criminal system: −95.8 (−255 to 64.0) | UT criminal system: 138 (−91.6 to 369) | UT criminal system: 2.12 (−295 to 299) | |||
| UT banking: −122 (−333 to 89.7) | UT banking: 246 (−34.4 to 527) | UT banking: 119 (−314 to 553) | |||
| UT education: −63.9 (−193 to 65.7) | UT education: 79.9 (−108 to 268) | UT education: −86.6 (−239 to 66.3) | |||
| Gestational length, β coeff (95% CI), Māori | Gestational length, β coeff (95% CI), Pacific | Gestational length, β coeff (95% CI), Asian | |||
| Maternal age, education, relationship status, smoking, BMI, offspring sex, household income | Any personal attack: −0.18 (−0.53 to 0.16) | Any personal attack: 0.29 (−0.12 to 0.70) | Any personal attack: 0.13 (−0.15 to 0.42) | ||
| UT health: −0.36 (−0.87 to 0.15) | UT health: 0.25 (−0.32 to 0.84) | UT health: −0.26 (−0.88 to 0.36) | |||
| UT work: −0.95 (−1.56 to −0.34) | UT work: −0.40 (−0.60 to 0.52) | UT work: 0.18 (−0.17 to 0.55) | |||
| UT housing: −0.20 (−0.67 to 0.26) | UT housing: 0.09 (−0.50 to 0.69) | UT housing: 0.30 (−0.26 to 0.87) | |||
| UT criminal system: −0.55 (−1.08 to −0.02) | UT criminal system: 0.51 (−0.19 to 1.22) | UT criminal system: 0.45 (−0.47 to 1.39) | |||
| UT banking: −0.73 (−1.43 to −0.02) | UT banking: 0.64 (−0.21 to 1.51) | UT banking: 0.33 (−1.02 to 1.70) | |||
| UT education: −0.24 (−0.67 to 0.18) | UT education: 0.18 (−0.39 to 0.76) | UT education: −0.31 (−0.79 to 0.16) | |||
| Collins et al 200062 |
Exposure
Self-reported racial discrimination during pregnancy Outcome VLBW (<1500 g) | VLBW, OR (95% CI) | |||
| NA | Crude: 1.9 (0.5 to 6.6) | ||||
| Maternal age, parity, social support | Model 1: 2.1 (0.7 to 6.1) | ||||
| Smoking, alcohol, drug use | Model 2: 5.2 (1.2 to 22.0) | ||||
| Maternal age, parity, social support, smoking, alcohol, drug use | Model 3: 3.3 (0.9 to 11.3) | ||||
| Collins et al 200463 |
Exposure
Self-reported racial discrimination during pregnancy and lifetime Outcome VLBW (<1500 g), PTB (birth <37 weeks gestation) | VLBW PTB, OR (95% CI), lifetime discrimination, crude | |||
| NA | ≥1 domain: 1.9 (1.2 to 3.1) | ||||
| ≥2 domains: 2.1 (1.2 to 3.8) | |||||
| ≥3 domains: 3.2 (1.5 to 6.6) | |||||
| VLBW PTB, OR (95% CI), discrimination during this pregnancy, crude | |||||
| NA | ≥1 domain: 0.9 (0.5 to 1.7) | ||||
| ≥2 domains: 1.5 (0.5 to 4.4) | |||||
| ≥3 domains: NA | |||||
| VLBW PTB, OR (95% CI), lifetime discrimination | |||||
| Maternal age, education, cigarette smoking | ≥1 domain: 1.7 (1.0 to 9.2) | ||||
| ≥3 domains: 2.6 (1.2 to 5.3) | |||||
| Lespinasse et al 200460 | Exposure Self-reported racial discrimination Outcome VLBW (<1500 g) | VLBW PTB, OR (95% CI) | |||
| NA | 1+ domain: 1.9 (1.2 to 3.0) | ||||
| 3+ domains: 2.7 (1.3 to 5.4) | |||||
| Braveman et al 201736 | Exposure Self-reported chronic worry about racial discrimination | PTB, PR (95% CI), US-born black | |||
| NA | Crude: 1.73 (1.12 to 2.67) | ||||
| Maternal age, parity, marital status, family income, maternal education, % of census-tract residents with income below poverty, number of major stressors during pregnancy, depressive symptoms during pregnancy | Model 1: 1.95 (1.27 to 2.97) | ||||
| Maternal age, parity, marital status, family income, maternal education, % of census-tract residents with income below poverty, number of major stressors during pregnancy, depressive symptoms during pregnancy, smoked 3 months before pregnancy, binge drank while pregnant, unintended pregnancy, lack first-trimester prenatal care, interpregnancy interval, self-reported health pregnancy, diabetes, hypertension, underweight diagnoses before pregnancy, inadequate pregnancy weight gain | Model 2: 2.00 (1.33 to 3.01) | ||||
| PTB, OR (95% CI), US-born black, crude* | |||||
| NA | 1.45 (1.1 to 1.9)* | ||||
| Outcome PTB (17–36 weeks gestation) | PTB, PR (95% CI), US-born white | ||||
| NA | Crude: 1.77 95% CI (0.83 to 3.77) | ||||
| Maternal age, parity, marital status, family income, maternal education, % of census-tract residents with income below poverty, number of major stressors during pregnancy, depressive symptoms during pregnancy | Model 1: 1.67 (0.73 to 3.79) | ||||
| Maternal age, parity, marital status, family income, maternal education, % of census-tract residents with income below poverty, number of major stressors during pregnancy, depressive symptoms during pregnancy, smoked 3 months before pregnancy, binge drank while pregnant, unintended pregnancy, lack first-trimester prenatal care, interpregnancy interval, self-reported health pregnancy, diabetes, hypertension | Model 2: 1.84 (0.91 to 3.71) | ||||
| Daniels et al 202065 | Exposure Self-reported direct and vicarious racial discrimination across three life stages (adult, adolescent, childhood) | PTB, OR (95% CI), crude | |||
| NA | Adult direct: 1.056 (0.888 to 1.257) | ||||
| Adult vicarious: 1.140 (0.893 to 1.455) | |||||
| Adolescent direct: 1.488 (1.006 to 2.202) | |||||
| Adolescent vicarious: 1.265 (0.982 to 1.628) | |||||
| Childhood direct: 1.086 (0.800 to 1.473) | |||||
| Childhood vicarious: 1.449 (0.999 to 2.102) | |||||
| Outcome PTB (birth <37 weeks gestation) | PTB, OR (95% CI) | ||||
| Number of pregnancies, income adjusted for household size, college educated, employed, marital status | Adult direct: 1.091 (0.914 to 1.302) | ||||
| Adult vicarious: 1.131 (0.883 to 1.448) | |||||
| Adolescent direct: 1.480 (1.002 to 2.187) | |||||
| Adolescent vicarious: 1.271 (0.986 to 1.637) | |||||
| Childhood direct: 1.100 (0.808 to 1.498) | |||||
| Childhood vicarious: 1.453 (1.010 to 2.092) | |||||
| Dole et al 200356 | Exposure Self-reported racial discrimination | PTB, RR (95% CI), crude | |||
| NA | Some discrimination: 0.8 (0.6 to 1.2) | ||||
| Higher discrimination: 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9) | |||||
| Outcome PTB (birth <37 weeks gestation) | PTB, RR (95% CI) | ||||
| Parity, poverty index | Some discrimination: 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) | ||||
| Higher discrimination: 1.4 (1.0 to 2.0) | |||||
| Dole et al 200457 |
Exposure
Self-reported racial discrimination Outcome Preterm birth (birth <37 weeks gestation) | PTB, RR (95% CI), African-American | |||
| BMI, height | Some discrimination: 1.1 (0.6 to 2.1) | ||||
| High discrimination: 1.8 (1.1 to 2.9) | |||||
| PTB, RR (95% CI), white | |||||
| Some discrimination: 0.8 (0.4 to 1.4) | |||||
| High discrimination: NA | |||||
| Fryer et al 202039 | Exposure | PTB, HR (95% CI), African-American, crude | |||
| NA | Low: 0.8 (0.4 to 1.7) | ||||
| Medium: 1.5 (0.8 to 2.9) | |||||
| High: 1.4 (0.7 to 2.7) | |||||
| PTB HR 95% CI, African-American | |||||
| Geographic location | Low: 0.9 (0.4 to 1.9) | ||||
| Medium: 1.6 (0.8 to 3.2) | |||||
| High: 1.5 (0.7 to 3.1) | |||||
| Outcome PTB (spontaneous birth <37 weeks gestation) | PTB HR 95% CI, Latina, crude | ||||
| NA | Low: 4.1 (1.1 to 14.6) | ||||
| Medium: 4.0 (1.1 to 15.2) | |||||
| High: 3.8 (0.9 to 15.1) | |||||
| PTB, HR (95% CI), Latina | |||||
| Geographic location | Low: 3.6 (0.99 to 13.2) | ||||
| Medium: 4.1 (1.1 to 15.5) | |||||
| High: 3.6 (0.9 to 14.4) | |||||
| PTB, OR (95% CI), African-American, crude * | |||||
| NA | High: 1.40 (0.68 to 2.85)* | ||||
| PTB, OR (95% CI), Latina, crude * | |||||
| NA | High: 3.82 (0.94 to 15.64)* | ||||
| Giurgescu et al 201266 |
Exposure
Self-reported racial discrimination over the lifetime Outcome PTB (birth <37 weeks gestation) | Objective physical disorder, objective social disorder, violent crime, perceived physical disorder, perceived social disorder, perceived crime, EOD situation, EOD frequency, psychological distress | PTB, OR (95% CI), crude | ||
| EOD situation: 0.810 (0.50 to 1.32) | |||||
| EOD frequency: 1.105 (0.93 to 1.31) | |||||
| Misra et al 201038 | Exposure Self-reported racism over lifetime Outcome PTB (birth <37 weeks gestation) Gestational age | NA | PTB, HR (95% CI), crude | ||
| Above median RALES: 1.00 (0.70 to 1.44) | |||||
| Top quartile in RALES: 0.88 (0.58 to 1.35) | |||||
| PTB, OR (95% CI), crude* | |||||
| Top quartile in RALES: 0.88 (0.58 to 1.35)* | |||||
| Rosenberg et al 200250 |
Exposure
Self-reported racial discrimination in daily life Outcome PTB (birth <37 weeks gestation) | PTB, OR (95% CI), crude | |||
| NA | Unfair treatment at job: 1.3 (1.1 to 1.7) | ||||
| Unfair treatment in housing: 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) | |||||
| Unfair treatment by police: 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) | |||||
| People acting afraid of them at least once a week: 1.4 (1.0 to 2.0) | |||||
| PTB, OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Age of mother at birth, parity, marital status, previous preterm birth, mother born three or more weeks early, smoked during the pregnancy, years of educational attainment | Unfair treatment at job: 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6) | ||||
| Unfair treatment in housing: 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3) | |||||
| Unfair treatment by police: 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4) | |||||
| People acting afraid of them at least once a week: 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9) | |||||
| Scholaske et al 201951 |
Exposure
Frequency of self-reported racial discrimination in last year or within the last 2 years Outcome PTB (birth <37 weeks gestation) | PTB, OR (95% CI), crude | |||
| NA | Seldom/often: 4.25 (1.68 to 11.56) | ||||
| PTB, OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Infant sex, maternal age, parity, years of education | Seldom/often: 5.76 (1.95 to 19.38) | ||||
| Slaughter-Acey et al 201637 |
Exposure
Self-reported racial discrimination during the index pregnancy and up to 1 year before the pregnancy Outcome PTB (birth <37 weeks gestation) | NA | PTB, PR 95% (CI), crude | ||
| Second quartile: 1.67 (1.16 to 2.40) | |||||
| Third quartile: 1.32 (0.90 to 1.94) | |||||
| Fourth quartile: 1.19 (0.81 to 1.76) | |||||
| PTB, OR (95% CI), crude * | |||||
| Second quartile: 1.85 (1.20 to 2.85)* | |||||
| Third quartile: 1.4 (0.89 to 2.18)* | |||||
| Fourth quartile: 1.23 (0.78 to 1.93)* | |||||
| Wheeler et al 201854 |
Exposure
Self-reported racism during lifetime and pregnancy Outcome PTB (spontaneous birth <37 weeks gestation) | PTB, OR (95% CI) | |||
| Age, race, medical illness, psychiatric illness, tobacco use | Entire cohort: 1.06 (0.90 to 1.25) | ||||
| Primiparous: 1.29 (0.91 to 1.83) | |||||
| Multiparous prior term birth: 1.01 (0.79 to 1.30) | |||||
| Multiparous prior PTB: 1.05 (0.78 to 1.40) | |||||
| Slaughter-Acey et al 201952 | Exposure Self-reported overall racism during lifetime | SGA, OR (95% CI), crude | |||
| NA | Overall: 0.95 (0.82 to 1.10) | ||||
| Personal: 0.92 (0.74 to 1.13) | |||||
| Group: 0.97 (0.73 to 1.30) | |||||
| SGA, OR (95% CI), ≥25 years | |||||
| Maternal education, Medicaid status, essential money, parity, recruitment status | Overall: 0.92 (0.66 to 1.28 | ||||
| Personal: 0.96 (0.58 to 1.58) | |||||
| Group: 0.83 (0.47 to 1.45) | |||||
| Outcome SGA (using the cut point defined for the BW ratio continuous measure) | SGA, OR (95% CI), 19–24 years | ||||
| Maternal education, Medicaid status, essential money, parity, recruitment status | Overall: 0.86 (0.69 to 1.06) | ||||
| Personal: 0.86 (0.64 to 1.18) | |||||
| Group: 0.72 (0.47 to 1.10) | |||||
| SGA, OR (95% CI), ≤18 years | |||||
| Maternal education, Medicaid status, essential money, parity, recruitment status | Overall: 1.45 (1.02 to 2.08) | ||||
| Personal: 1.33 (0.86 to 2.09) | |||||
| Group: 2.84 (1.10 to 7.32) | |||||
| Grobman et al 201858 |
Exposure
Self-reported racism Outcome PTB (birth <37 weeks gestation), HDP, SGA | OR (95% CI), non-Hispanic black | |||
| Maternal age, BMI, smoking, medical comorbidities | Any PTB: 1.31 (1.04 to 1.64) | ||||
| iPTB: 1.39 (1.00 to 1.93) | |||||
| sPTB: 1.21 (0.90 to 1.63) | |||||
| HDP: 0.98 (0.81 to 1.20) | |||||
| SGA: 2.07 (1.69 to 2.53) | |||||
| OR (95% CI), Hispanic | |||||
| Maternal age, BMI, smoking, medical comorbidities | Any PTB: 0.95 (0.76 to 1.20) | ||||
| iPTB: 0.93 (0.65 to 1.33) | |||||
| sPTB: 0.95 (0.71 to 1.27) | |||||
| HDP: 0.71 (0.58 to 0.86) | |||||
| SGA: 1.45 (1.19 to 1.77) | |||||
| OR (95% CI), Asian | |||||
| Maternal age, BMI, smoking, medical comorbidities | Any PTB: 0.87 (0.56 to 1.36) | ||||
| iPTB: 0.80 (0.37 to 1.74) | |||||
| sPTB: 0.91 (0.54 to 1.53) | |||||
| HDP: 0.82 (0.56 to 1.20) | |||||
| SGA: 2.08 (1.54 to 2.81) | |||||
| OR (95% CI), other | |||||
| Maternal age, BMI, smoking, medical comorbidities | Any PTB: 1.14 (0.82 to 1.59) | ||||
| iPTB: 1.00 (0.59 to 1.68) | |||||
| sPTB: 1.23 (0.81 to 1.85) | |||||
| HDP: 0.85 (0.63 to 1.14) | |||||
| SGA: 1.42 (1.05 to 1.93) | |||||
*These unadjusted ORs were computed with the available information in the study.
BMI, body mass index; EOD, experience of discrimination; HBW, high birth weight; HDP, hypertensive disorder of pregnancy; LBW, low birth weight; LGA, large for gestational age; PR, prevalence ratio; PTB, preterm birth; RR, relative risk/risk ratio; SGA, small for gestational age; UT, unfair treatment; VLBW, very low birth weight.