Table 1

Cluster characteristics in control and intervention areas

CharacteristicsControl (N=18)Intervention (N=16)P value
Subcentres (no. (%))14 (77.8)5 (31.3)0.006
Primary health centre (no. (%))00
Distance from primary health centre (km) (mean (SD))11.5 (9.9)17.1 (12.7)0.166
Distance from base hospital (km) (mean (SD))31.1 (14.9)30.7 (20.0)0.958
Distance from subdistrict hospital (km) (mean (SD))29.1 (14.1)33.7 (16.1)0.393
Village council (no. (%))8 (44.4)3 (18.8)0.109
Emergency health facilities (no. (%))8 (44.4)3 (18.8)0.109
ANM workers (no. (%))9 (50.0)5 (31.3)0.268
ASHA workers (no. (%))2 (11.1)00.169
Anganwadi workers (no. (%))17 (94.4)15 (93.8)0.999
Major source of water in the village (no. (%))
Well5 (27.8)5 (33.3)0.693
Hand pump7 (38.9)7 (46.7)
Others*6 (33.3)3 (20.0)
Road facility (no. (%))
Tar8 (44.4)4 (25.0)0.106
Dirt7 (38.9)12 (75.0)
Government transport facility present (no. (%))11 (61.1)4 (25.0)0.034
Private transport facility present (no. (%))15 (83.3)10 (62.5)0.169
Mobile/telephone connectivity present (no. (%))10 (55.6)8 (50.0)0.746
Anganwadi present (no. (%))15 (83.3)15 (93.8)0.347
  • Bold p values indicate statistical significance.

  • *Tap, pond and river.

  • anganwadi worker, grassroot worker of the integrated child development scheme covering food supplementation to under-five children and preschool education; ANM, auxiliary nurse midwife trained for two academic sessions to conduct deliveries and minor ailments like oral rehydration solution for diarrhoea, deworming and routine immunisation; ASHA, Accredited Social Health Worker placed in every village who assist ANM’s for management of deliveries and referral of high-risk mothers and children.