Infant and young child feeding and family planning practices in four districts of Madhya Pradesh
| Description | Women’s endline survey (n=4423) | |||||||||||
| Prevalence across study arms | Intention to treat | Prevalence across exposed versus not exposed groups | Instrumental variable | |||||||||
| Int. | Comp. | Difference | RRs | 95% CI | P value | Exposed | Not exposed | Difference | CATE | 95% CI | P value | |
| Family planning method use | ||||||||||||
| Reversible method use since birth of child | 33.7 | 30.0 | 3.68 | 1.12 | 1.03 to 1.21 | 0.007 | 38.5 | 31.1 | 7.40 | 1.72 | 1.06 to 2.77 | 0.028 |
| Condom | 26.7 | 23.8 | 2.87 | 1.12 | 1.01 to 1.23 | 0.024 | 30.6 | 24.6 | 6.00 | 1.76 | 0.94 to 3.31 | 0.077 |
| Contraceptive pill | 4.8 | 3.6 | 1.19 | 1.28 | 0.96 to 1.69 | 0.09 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 0.12 | – | – | – |
| IUCD | 3.2 | 3.1 | 0.15 | 1.07 | 0.78 to 1.48 | 0.67 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 0.72 | 1.20 | 0.40 to 3.63 | 0.74 |
| Injectable method | 1.8 | 1.6 | 0.16 | 1.11 | 0.70 to 1.78 | 0.65 | 3.2 | 1.5 | 1.77 | 1.27 | 0.46 to 3.48 | 0.64 |
| Emergency contraceptive pill | 0.34 | 0.53 | (0.19) | 0.61 | 0.26 to 1.41 | 0.25 | 0.0 | 0.5 | (0.49) | – | – | – |
| Sterilised (male or female) since birth of child | 12.9 | 14.9 | (2.00) | 0.85 | 0.74 to 0.97 | 0.016 | 11.9 | 14.1 | (2.20) | 0.56 | 0.37 to 0.85 | 0.006 |
| Current use of family planning | 69.1 | 69.7 | (0.62) | 0.98 | 0.95 to 1.02 | 0.41 | 70.8 | 69.2 | 1.60 | 0.93 | 0.79 to 1.09 | 0.39 |
| Ever used 1+ contraception methods since birth of child | 60.3 | 58.4 | 1.85 | 1.03 | 0.97 to 1.09 | 0.41 | 64.9 | 58.7 | 6.20 | 1.19 | 0.84 to 1.68 | 0.33 |
| Unmet need for family planning | ||||||||||||
| Women who could not get a method due to no stock | 6.2 | 6.0 | 0.19 | 1.05 | 0.83 to 1.32 | 0.68 | 4.1 | 6.4 | (2.32) | 1.54 | 0.12 to 19.20 | 0.74 |
| Breast feeding | ||||||||||||
| Immediate breast feeding | 68.3 | 71.7 | (3.45) | 0.96 | 0.92 to 1.00 | 0.027 | 67.7 | 70.6 | (2.90) | 0.91 | 0.85 to 0.99 | 0.025 |
| Immediate breast feeding: normal delivery | 72.1 | 75.1 | (3.02) | 0.96 | 0.93 to 1.00 | 0.052 | 71.3 | 99.4 | (28.10) | 0.93 | 0.85 to 1.01 | 0.10 |
| Ever breastfed | 99.3 | 99.6 | (0.34) | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.00 | 0.13 | 99.4 | 99.4 | – | 0.99 | 0.97 to 1.00 | 0.13 |
| Never fed child <6 months janam ghutti, water, honey, animal milk, formula milk, jaifal or tea | 11.3 | 10.6 | 0.71 | 1.07 | 0.91 to 1.26 | 0.40 | 14.0 | 10.5 | 3.50 | 1.21 | 0.72 to 2.04 | 0.48 |
| Exclusive breast feeding* | 10.8 | 10.4 | 0.36 | 1.04 | 0.88 to 1.23 | 0.64 | 13.4 | 10.1 | 3.30 | 1.10 | 0.67 to 1.81 | 0.71 |
| Gave breastmilk in the previous 24 hours | 95.6 | 96.1 | (0.50) | 1.00 | 0.98 to 1.01 | 0.47 | 95.6 | 95.8 | (0.20) | 0.98 | 0.92 to 1.04 | 0.47 |
| Complementary feeding | ||||||||||||
| Child fed non-breastmilk before the child was 6 months of age | 10.3 | 10.6 | (0.25) | 0.99 | 0.83 to 1.17 | 0.87 | 9.0 | 10.7 | (1.68) | 0.97 | 0.50 to 1.87 | 0.92 |
| Introduced children to thicker foods at the age of 6 months | 72.3 | 71.7 | 0.65 | 1.01 | 0.97 to 1.05 | 0.66 | 74.7 | 71.5 | 3.20 | 1.03 | 0.90 to 1.17 | 0.67 |
| Infant feeding | ||||||||||||
| Gave child solid or semisolid food yesterday | 98.9 | 98.9 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.01 | 0.68 | 98.8 | 98.9 | (0.10) | 1.01 | 0.98 to 1.04 | 0.68 |
| Not yet giving child solid or semisolid food at time of interview | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.23 | 1.48 | 0.69 to 3.17 | 0.31 | 0.2 | 0.8 | (0.54) | NA | NA | NA |
| Added oil/ghee to child’s food yesterday | 42.9 | 41.8 | 1.07 | 1.04 | 0.97 to 1.11 | 0.28 | 44.9 | 41.9 | 3.00 | 1.13 | 0.90 to 1.41 | 0.30 |
| Feeding frequency† | 59.2 | 58.2 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.96 to 1.06 | 0.72 | 59.3 | 58.7 | 0.60 | 1.04 | 0.82 to 1.31 | 0.74 |
| Minimum meal frequency‡ | 58.6 | 57.6 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.96 to 1.06 | 0.68 | 58.7 | 58.0 | 0.70 | 1.05 | 0.83 to 1.33 | 0.70 |
| Dietary diversity*§ | 49.7 | 49.3 | 0.42 | 1.02 | 0.96 to 1.08 | 0.54 | 52.6 | 49.1 | 3.50 | 1.09 | 0.82 to 1.46 | 0.56 |
| Child a minimum acceptable diet | 31.9 | 29.9 | 1.98 | 1.07 | 0.98 to 1.17 | 0.13 | 34.8 | 30.4 | 4.40 | 1.31 | 0.88 to 1.95 | 0.18 |
| Fed dal ka pani (contraindicated) | 32.9 | 32.0 | 0.94 | 1.04 | 0.95 to 1.13 | 0.37 | 33.5 | 32.3 | 1.20 | 1.16 | 0.83 to 1.60 | 0.39 |
| Iron folate | ||||||||||||
| Gave child iron syrup yesterday | 3.5 | 3.3 | 0.28 | 1.08 | 0.79 to 1.47 | 0.65 | 3.4 | 3.4 | (0.06) | 1.38 | 0.37 to 5.14 | 0.63 |
| Gave child iron rich diet yesterday | 86.5 | 87.1 | (0.56) | 1.00 | 0.98 to 1.02 | 0.83 | 86.8 | 86.8 | – | 0.99 | 0.89 to 1.10 | 0.82 |
*Reported exclusive breast feeding in the first 6 months and have never fed their children janam ghutti, water, honey, animal milk, formula milk, jaifal or tea in the first 6 months of life.
†Fed child five times or more in the last 24 hours.
‡Child received solid, semisolid or soft foods the minimum number of times or more acording to Kilkari during the previous day.
§Child fed at least 1 food from 4 or more of the food groups.
CATE, compliance adjusted treatment effects; CF, complementary feeding; Diff, difference; FLHW, frontline health worker; FP, family planning; Int., intervention; IUCD, intrauterine contraceptive device; RR, relative risk.