Family planning knowledge among women in four districts of Madhya Pradesh
| Description | Women’s endline survey (n=4423) | ||||||||
| Prevalence across study arms | Intention to treat | Instrumental variable | |||||||
| Int. | Control | Difference | RR | 95% CI | P value | CATE | 95% CI | P value | |
| Family planning knowledge | |||||||||
| Safe methods for delaying pregnancy | 93.0 | 92.7 | 0.35 | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.02 | 0.70 | 1.02 | 0.94 to 1.10 | 0.71 |
| One or more benefits of family planning | 97.0 | 97.2 | (0.22) | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.01 | 0.81 | 0.99 | 0.95 to 1.04 | 0.81 |
| One or more benefits of small family | 64.6 | 63.2 | 1.41 | 1.03 | 0.99 to 1.08 | 0.19 | 1.12 | 0.94 to 1.33 | 0.20 |
| Source of pregnancy test | |||||||||
| FLHW | 62.5 | 59.6 | 2.95 | 1.05 | 1.00 to 1.11 | 0.032 | 1.24 | 1.01 to 1.53 | 0.044 |
| Health centre | 61.9 | 63.2 | (1.30) | 0.98 | 0.94 to 1.03 | 0.43 | 0.93 | 0.80 to 1.10 | 0.40 |
| Government provides free pregnancy tests | 82.9 | 82.6 | 0.34 | 1.00 | 0.98 to 1.03 | 0.73 | 1.02 | 0.92 to 1.13 | 0.74 |
| Birth spacing | |||||||||
| 3 years gap is ideal | 99.7 | 99.6 | 0.13 | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 | 0.52 | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.02 | 0.52 |
| Know the benefits of a 3-year age gap | 98.0 | 98.4 | (0.36) | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.00 | 0.40 | 0.99 | 0.95 to 1.02 | 0.39 |
| Postpartum pregnancy risk | |||||||||
| Woman can get pregnant before menses returns | 52.7 | 53.4 | (0.72) | 0.98 | 0.93 to 1.04 | 0.54 | 0.96 | 0.84 to 1.09 | 0.53 |
| Female sterilisation | |||||||||
| Ever heard of | 99.8 | 99.7 | 0.12 | 1.00 | 1.00 to 1.00 | 0.38 | 1.01 | 0.99 to 1.02 | 0.38 |
| Knowledge that services are free | 97.4 | 96.6 | 0.82 | 1.01 | 1.00 to 1.02 | 0.14 | 1.03 | 0.99 to 1.08 | 0.15 |
| Timing: can be done at time of birth | 62.6 | 63.3 | (0.64) | 0.99 | 0.94 to 1.03 | 0.58 | 0.95 | 0.80 to 1.13 | 0.56 |
| Male sterilisation | |||||||||
| Ever heard of | 89.5 | 89.2 | 0.33 | 1.01 | 0.99 to 1.03 | 0.61 | 1.02 | 0.95 to 1.08 | 0.59 |
| Knowledge that services are free | 74.0 | 74.9 | (0.93) | 0.99 | 0.95 to 1.02 | 0.46 | 0.95 | 0.83 to 1.08 | 0.43 |
| Causes men to become weak | 73.7 | 73.1 | 0.60 | 1.01 | 0.98 to 1.05 | 0.52 | 1.05 | 0.90 to 1.24 | 0.52 |
| Does not require incision or stitches | 36.0 | 37.7 | (1.73) | 0.96 | 0.89 to 1.03 | 0.26 | 0.86 | 0.65 to 1.12 | 0.25 |
| Postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device (PPIUCD) | |||||||||
| Ever heard of | 82.7 | 82.9 | (0.21) | 1.00 | 0.97 to 1.03 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.93 to 1.08 | 0.98 |
| Knowledge that services are free | 69.0 | 68.9 | 0.11 | 1.00 | 0.96 to 1.04 | 0.91 | 1.01 | 0.90 to 1.12 | 0.93 |
| Timing: can be done at time of birth | 64.2 | 63.5 | 0.70 | 1.01 | 0.97 to 1.06 | 0.55 | 1.03 | 0.94 to 1.12 | 0.55 |
| Awareness of other methods | |||||||||
| Medroxyprogesterone aceta/injectables | 84.7 | 84.8 | (0.09) | 1.00 | 0.98 to 1.03 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.93 to 1.08 | 0.93 |
| Oral contraceptive pills | 89.0 | 87.2 | 1.80 | 1.02 | 1.00 to 1.04 | 0.063 | 1.11 | 0.99 to 1.24 | 0.075 |
| Condoms | 94.8 | 93.9 | 0.84 | 1.01 | 0.99 to 1.02 | 0.20 | 1.04 | 0.98 to 1.11 | 0.19 |
| Emergency contraceptives | 39.2 | 39.2 | (0.03) | 1.00 | 0.93 to 1.07 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.71 to 1.41 | 1.00 |
| Health providers as source for information, methods | |||||||||
| Know to ask health provider questions about family planning use | 83.8 | 80.4 | 3.36 | 1.04 | 1.01 to 1.07 | 0.0030 | 1.25 | 1.06 to 1.46 | 0.007 |
| Keep FLHW number handy in case of emergency | 95.1 | 94.7 | 0.36 | 1.00 | 0.99 to 1.02 | 0.66 | 1.02 | 0.95 to 1.09 | 0.66 |
CATE, compliance adjusted treatment effects; Diff, difference; FLHW, frontline health worker; FP, family planning; Int., intervention; OCPs, oral contraceptive pills; RR, relative risk.