Table 1

Descriptive statistics for the baseline estimation model

	Full sample		Institutional delivery		Home delivery
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Panel A. Outcome variables
7-day death	0.026	0.159	0.024	0.155	0.029	0.168
28-day death	0.031	0.173	0.029	0.168	0.036	0.186
Postpartum complication (bleeding)	0.188	0.391	0.193	0.395	0.174	0.379
Postpartum complication (fever)	0.161	0.368	0.157	0.363	0.173	0.378
Panel B. Place of delivery
Institutional delivery	0.712	0.453	–	–	–	–
Delivered in public hospitals	0.212	0.409	–	–	–	–
Delivered in other public health facility	0.341	0.474	–	–	–	–
Delivered in private hospitals	0.152	0.359	–	–	–	–
Panel C. Birth attendant
Delivered with a skilled attendant	0.742	0.438	0.974	0.161	0.168	0.374
Delivered with a doctor attendant	0.634	0.482	0.958	0.201	0.076	0.265
Delivered with a nurse attendant	0.532	0.499	0.933	0.249	0.108	0.310
Panel D. Neonate’s characteristics
Multiple birth	0.016	0.126	0.017	0.130	0.013	0.114
Male	0.519	0.500	0.524	0.499	0.506	0.500
First birth	0.347	0.476	0.403	0.490	0.210	0.408
Delivery order	2.390	1.570	2.140	1.380	3.000	1.820
Born smaller than average	0.124	0.329	0.120	0.326	0.131	0.337
Panel E. Mother’s characteristics
Age at delivery	24.500	5.090	24.100	4.780	25.500	5.670
Younger than 20	0.217	0.412	0.231	0.422	0.183	0.387
21–25	0.431	0.495	0.446	0.497	0.393	0.488
26–30	0.225	0.418	0.219	0.413	0.242	0.428
31–35	0.089	0.284	0.077	0.266	0.117	0.322
36–40	0.029	0.168	0.022	0.146	0.047	0.212
41–45	0.009	0.092	0.005	0.072	0.017	0.129
46–49	0.001	0.026	0.000	0.021	0.001	0.035
Education (years)	5.270	4.870	6.110	4.920	3.200	4.060
Illiterate	0.371	0.483	0.302	0.459	0.542	0.498
Primary	0.156	0.363	0.147	0.355	0.178	0.383
Secondary	0.417	0.493	0.478	0.500	0.266	0.442
Higher	0.056	0.230	0.073	0.260	0.014	0.117
Using modern contraceptive	0.325	0.468	0.351	0.477	0.259	0.438
Is insured	0.140	0.347	0.146	0.353	0.123	0.328
Smoke	0.103	0.303	0.081	0.273	0.155	0.362
BMI	2087	454	2103	456	2046	447
Had previous miscarriage	0.061	0.239	0.065	0.247	0.050	0.218
Had previous abortion	0.025	0.155	0.027	0.163	0.018	0.132
Had previous stillbirth	0.009	0.096	0.009	0.095	0.010	0.097
Religion
Hindu	0.756	0.430	0.800	0.400	0.647	0.478
Muslim	0.137	0.343	0.117	0.322	0.184	0.388
Christian	0.070	0.255	0.044	0.206	0.134	0.340
Sikh	0.015	0.122	0.019	0.138	0.004	0.066
Buddhist/neo-Buddhist	0.009	0.094	0.009	0.095	0.008	0.091
Other	0.014	0.116	0.010	0.100	0.022	0.148
Belong to caste or tribe
Caste	0.787	0.409	0.828	0.377	0.687	0.464
Tribe	0.170	0.375	0.129	0.335	0.270	0.444
No caste/tribe	0.043	0.203	0.430	0.203	0.403	0.203
Panel F. Household characteristics
Wealth index	2.290	1.229	2.502	1.259	1.768	0.969
Has electricity	0.804	0.397	0.850	0.357	0.690	0.463
Panel G. Pregnancy health indicators
Convulsion during pregnancy	0.182	0.386	0.180	0.384	0.186	0.389
Swelling during pregnancy	0.302	0.459	0.311	0.463	0.277	0.448
Received supplementary nutrition	0.807	0.395	0.823	0.382	0.749	0.433
Panel H. Received pregnancy services
Received antenatal care	0.538	0.499	0.607	0.488	0.368	0.482
No of antenatal cares received	3.224	8.606	3.808	9.003	1.775	7.267
Received postnatal care	0.345	0.476	0.377	0.485	0.257	0.437
Panel I. Delivery health indicators
Prolonged delivery	0.416	0.493	0.438	0.496	0.352	0.478
Bleeding during delivery	0.333	0.471	0.347	0.476	0.295	0.456
Caesarean delivery	0.103	0.304	0.145	0.352	0	0
Observations: Neonates	159 570		113 614		45 956
Observations: Mothers	109 303		80 578		28 725

Note: The DHS only collects data on maternal outcomes for the last birth but contains information on neonatal outcomes for all births from 2010 to 2016. The data in this table contain all DHS data that the delivery occurred in rural area and we were able to match it with OMMS 2001 Indian census.
BMI, body mass index; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey; OMMS, online management and monitoring system.