Authorship affiliation as from study country only, high-income country (HIC) or other, by study country World Bank income classification (single country studies only)
| Study country only | HIC only | Other* | P | |
| Studies in low-income countries (n=381) | ||||
| All authors (n=3325) | 1246 (37.5) | 1737 (52.2) | 342 (10.3) | |
| First authors (n=381) | 118 (31.0) | 218 (57.2) | 45 (11.8) | <0.001 |
| Last authors (n=381) | 81 (21.3) | 242 (63.5) | 58 (15.2) | <0.001 |
| Studies in lower middle-income countries (n=787) | ||||
| All authors (n=5740) | 3270 (57.0) | 2050 (35.7) | 420 (7.3) | |
| First authors (n=787) | 400 (50.8) | 313 (40.0) | 74 (9.4) | <0.001 |
| Last authors (n=787) | 338 (43.0) | 341 (43.3) | 108 (13.7) | <0.001 |
| Studies in upper middle-income countries (n=407) | ||||
| All authors (n=2804) | 1954 (70.0) | 681 (24.3) | 169 (6.0) | |
| First authors (n=407) | 276 (67.8) | 97 (23.8) | 34 (8.4) | <0.001 |
| Last authors (n=407) | 260 (63.9) | 118 (29.0) | 29 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| All single-country studies (n=1585) | ||||
| All authors (n=11 869) | 6470 (54.5) | 4468 (37.6) | 931 (7.8) | |
| First authors (n=1585) | 794 (50.4) | 628 (39.9) | 153 (9.7) | <0.001 |
| Last authors (n=1585) | 679 (43.1) | 701 (44.5) | 195 (12.4) | <0.001 |
*Other=non-study country LMIC or mixed affiliation.
LMIC, low and middle-income country.