Table 1

Countries included in the analyses, number of ethnic groups by country and no-DPT prevalence for ethnic groups

Country	Year	No-DPT prevalence (%)	P value for no DPT by ethnic group*	Ethnic groups (n)	Largest ethnic group			No-DPT prevalence by ethnic group				Difference (highest–lowest) in pp
Country	Year	No-DPT prevalence (%)	P value for no DPT by ethnic group*	Ethnic groups (n)	Percentage of all children in the group (%)	No-DPT prevalence (%)	95% CI	Lowest (%)	95% CI	Highest (%)	95% CI	Difference (highest–lowest) in pp
Afghanistan	2015	27	<0.001	9	40	34	28 to 40	15	6 to 23	99	97 to 100	84
Angola	2015	31	<0.001	9	63	21	18 to 24	16	9 to 23	66	47 to 86	50
Belize	2015	7	0.069	3	60	4	2 to 9	4	1 to 7	13	5 to 21	9
Benin	2017	16	<0.001	9	35	8	6 to 10	8	6 to 10	51	42 to 60	43
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2011	3	0.685	3	66	3	2 to 6	2	0 to 4	3	2 to 5	1
Burkina Faso	2010	6	<0.001	11	50	3	2 to 5	0	0 to 0	32	14 to 49	32
Cameroon	2018	17	0.111	7	68	18	15 to 22	8	3 to 14	28	19 to 37	20
Central African Republic	2018	45	<0.001	9	33	49	44 to 54	34	23 to 46	58	46 to 71	24
Chad	2014	42	<0.001	17	32	27	22 to 32	8	3 to 13	79	66 to 92	70
Colombia	2010	3	0.472	3	82	3	2 to 4	3	1 to 5	4	2 to 7	1
Congo Brazzaville	2014	14	<0.001	6	53	8	6 to 11	8	5 to 10	29	19 to 39	21
Congo, DR	2017	34	0.134	3	93	34	30 to 39	20	8 to 32	36	27 to 46	16
Costa Rica	2018	2	0.007	2	54	1	0 to 2	1	0 to 2	5	1 to 8	4
Côte d'Ivoire	2016	20	<0.001	6	26	23	18 to 28	10	7 to 13	25	20 to 31	16
Cuba	2019	3	0.025	2	67	1	1 to 3	1	1 to 2	5	0 to 10	4
Dominican Republic	2014	9	<0.001	2	91	8	6 to 9	8	6 to 9	22	16 to 27	14
Ethiopia	2016	27	<0.001	9	41	34	28 to 42	6	2 to 11	55	29 to 82	49
Gabon	2012	12	0.849	6	25	15	10 to 23	9	3 to 15	15	9 to 22	6
Gambia	2018	3	0.07	6	30	1	0;3	1	0 to 2	6	2 to 9	5
Ghana	2017	4	0.577	8	48	4	2;7	2	0 to 5	7	1 to 13	5
Guatemala	2014	2	0.003	2	53	1	1;2	1	1 to 2	4	3 to 5	3
Guinea	2018	38	<0.001	5	35	54	48;59	15	6 to 25	54	48 to 59	39
Guinea Bissau	2018	7	0.166	7	34	8	5 to 13	1	0 to 3	11	1 to 21	10
Guyana	2014	4	0.658	3	54	4	2 to 9	4	1 to 7	6	2 to 10	2
Honduras	2011	1	0.106	3	88	1	1 to 2	0	0 to 0	1	1 to 2	1
India	2015	10	<0.001	3	89	10	10;11	10	10 to 11	14	13 to 16	4
Iraq	2018	13	0.015	2	83	14	12;17	7	3 to 11	15	12 to 17	8
Jordan	2017	7	0.009	3	84	6	5 to 9	6	5 to 8	20	3 to 36	13
Kazakhstan	2015	4	0.001	3	73	3	2 to 5	3	2 to 4	13	5 to 21	10
Kenya	2014	2	<0.001	15	18	2	1 to 6	0	0 to 1	11	7 to 16	11
Kyrgyzstan	2018	9	0.179	2	84	8	5;12	8	5 to 11	14	5 to 22	6
Laos	2017	27	<0.001	4	57	19	16;22	19	16 to 22	43	37 to 49	24
Malawi	2015	3	0.136	9	34	2	1 to 4	1	0 to 3	7	2 to 12	6
Mali	2018	18	<0.001	9	32	15	11 to 21	8	4 to 13	52	32 to 71	44
Mauritania	2015	14	0.06	3	80	15	12 to 18	15	12 to 17	25	9 to 41	10
Mexico	2015	8	0.365	2	91	8	5 to 11	8	5 to 10	11	4 to 17	3
Mongolia	2018	3	0.001	3	79	3	1 to 5	2	0 to 4	12	4 to 20	10
Montenegro	2013	6	0.338	3	53	3	1 to 9	4	0 to 7	11	0 to 22	7
Mozambique	2015	10	0.001	8	32	11	4 to 25	1	0 to 3	27	9 to 45	26
Myanmar	2015	13	<0.001	2	84	11	8 to 14	11	8 to 14	26	15 to 37	15
Namibia	2013	7	0.416	7	52	6	3 to 9	6	3 to 8	19	3 to 35	13
Nepal	2019	11	0.049	8	45	12	9 to 16	4	0 to 9	21	9 to 34	17
Niger	2012	14	<0.001	4	74	15	12 to 19	5	3 to 8	40	29 to 50	35
Nigeria	2018	35	<0.001	10	34	55	52 to 59	6	4 to 8	64	58 to 69	57
North Macedonia	2018	4	0.567	2	63	2	1 to 4	2	0 to 3	3	0 to 9	1
Pakistan	2017	14	<0.001	7	37	3	1 to 6	1	0 to 2	28	21 to 35	27
Panama	2013	8	0.02	3	65	6	4 to 11	5	1 to 9	14	8 to 19	9
Papua New Guinea	2016	36	0.148	3	57	36	31 to 41	15	1 to 29	38	32 to 45	24
Paraguay	2016	5	0.085	2	58	4	3 to 6	4	2 to 6	7	4 to 9	3
Peru	2019	5	0.156	2	94	5	4 to 6	5	4 to 6	7	4 to 10	2
Philippines	2017	13	<0.001	9	28	8	5 to 13	4	1 to 7	64	49 to 79	60
Senegal	2019	4	0.272	5	43	3	1 to 5	2	0 to 4	6	2 to 9	4
Sierra Leone	2019	5	<0.001	7	36	6	4 to 9	0	0 to 0	9	0 to 18	9
South Africa	2016	9	0.722	2	91	9	6 to 13	8	1 to 15	9	6 to 12	2
Suriname	2018	20	0.35	2	64	18	13 to 25	18	12 to 24	23	15 to 30	4
Tajikistan	2017	8	0.524	2	84	8	6 to 10	6	2 to 11	8	6 to 10	2
Thailand	2019	3	<0.001	2	91	2	1 to 4	2	1 to 3	15	2 to 29	13
Timor-Leste	2016	22	0.307	2	94	22	19 to 25	15	4 to 26	22	19 to 25	7
Togo	2017	9	0.408	4	37	10	7 to 16	6	2 to 10	12	4 to 21	7
Turkmenistan	2015	1	<0.001	2	91	1	0 to 2	0	0 to 0	1	0 to 1	1
Uganda	2016	5	0.072	20	15	6	3 to 10	1	0 to 2	15	1 to 30	15
Vietnam	2013	4	<0.001	2	85	2	1 to 4	2	1 to 4	12	6 to 18	10
Zambia	2018	2	0.099	8	37	2	1 to 4	1	0 to 2	10	0 to 23	10
Zimbabwe	2019	5	<0.001	3	84	6	4 to 9	0	0 to 0	6	4 to 8	6

Lowest refers to the ethnic group with the lowest no-DPT prevalence in the country. Highest refers to the ethnic group with the highest no-DPT prevalence in the country.
*χ² test for heterogeneity in no-DPT prevalence among all ethnic groups in each country.
no-DPT, children who did not received any doses of the diphtheria–pertussis–tetanus-containing vaccine; pp, percentage points.