Mortality rates of different child health outcomes and their sampling errors in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
| 2004–2008 | 2009–2013 | 2014–2018 | |||||||
| NNMR | IMR | U5MR | NNMR | IMR | U5MR | NNMR | IMR | U5MR | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | |||||||||
| Maternal age at first birth (years) | |||||||||
| <16 | 85.1±5 | 152.8±6.5 | 238.5±7.5 | 63.8±4.0 | 117.7±5.3 | 186.2±6.2 | 54.5±4.5 | 95.9±5.5 | 156.5±6.6 |
| 16–17 | 58.3±2.3 | 115.8±3.1 | 188.3±3.9 | 49.8±1.9 | 91.3±2.6 | 145.2±3.3 | 44.4±2.0 | 72.5±2.6 | 112.8±3.2 |
| 18–19 | 46.9±1.8 | 89±2.3 | 146±2.9 | 39.1±1.4 | 73.8±1.9 | 115.5±2.3 | 34.4±1.4 | 58±1.8 | 88.2±2.2 |
| 20–22 | 39.9±1.4 | 79.3±2.1 | 127.3±2.6 | 35.8±1.2 | 62.4±1.6 | 98.6±2.0 | 29.8±1.2 | 50.3±1.5 | 74.6±1.8 |
| 23–25 | 40.2±2.1 | 74.5±2.8 | 123.5±3.7 | 33.7±1.8 | 55.7±2.2 | 88.8±2.7 | 28±1.6 | 44.5±1.9 | 64.8±2.4 |
| Urban/rural residency | |||||||||
| <16 | 53.2±2.9 | 115.6±6.1 | 182.6±10 | 58.3±16.2 | 108.1±16.2 | 159.1±15.5 | 43.2±3.1 | 74.1±9 | 115.9±10.6 |
| 92.6±13.7 | 161.6±13.1 | 251.9±10.5 | 65.8±1.0 | 121.3±1.9 | 196.1±3.9 | 58.6±18.7 | 103.6±18.3 | 170.9±16.8 | |
| 16–17 | 50.2±2.4 | 97.6±2.3 | 160.4±2.3 | 30.2±3.2 | 63.7±3.2 | 100.1±3.4 | 39±13.2 | 62.4±13.9 | 90.6±13.6 |
| 60.7±2.1 | 121.2±3.1 | 196.8±6.9 | 57.8±2.0 | 102.5±2.3 | 163.6±2.8 | 46.3±1 | 76.2±1.7 | 121.2±2.3 | |
| 18–19 | 39.2±2.4 | 75.2±2.5 | 119.2±2.9 | 33.5±1.8 | 59.9±2.0 | 87.8±2.7 | 25.9±3.2 | 45.2±4 | 67.5±4.1 |
| 49.8±2.7 | 94.1±2.9 | 156±3.4 | 41.6±2.0 | 80.3±2.8 | 128.4±3.6 | 37.9±3.1 | 63.5±3 | 97.1±3 | |
| 20–22 | 30±1.8 | 60.6±1.8 | 95.2±1.9 | 30.7±0.3 | 49.5±0.7 | 72.9±1.3 | 25.5±0.9 | 41.3±1.5 | 57.9±4.5 |
| 44.2±1.2 | 87.4±1.3 | 141.4±1.8 | 38.7±1.4 | 69.6±3.3 | 113.0±4.5 | 32.2±1.4 | 55.4±1.5 | 84±1.5 | |
| 23–25 | 30.2±0.5 | 56.9±2 | 83.3±2.1 | 32.4±0.3 | 47.9±0.9 | 72.4±1.2 | 27.6±0.4 | 40.5±0.5 | 55.4±0.8 |
| 46.4±1.3 | 85.4±2.3 | 147.3±4.4 | 34.7±4.3 | 62.0±4.1 | 101.7±4.8 | 28.4±0.2 | 48±0.4 | 72.8±0.6 | |
| Maternal education status: any education/no education | |||||||||
| <16 | 69.5±0.9 | 124.7±1.6 | 185.3±1.8 | 59.5±12.8 | 112.7±12.2 | 169.8±11.7 | 55.4±10.8 | 93±11.9 | 140.4±12.1 |
| 95.2±15.7 | 170.8±15.7 | 271.5±13.8 | 67.6±1.3 | 122.1±3.4 | 199.1±5.3 | 53.4±16.8 | 99.2±17.3 | 174.5±15.8 | |
| 16–17 | 51.6±0.4 | 98.6±0.8 | 150.2±1.2 | 42.1±0.4 | 77.4±0.8 | 121.6±1.3 | 40.8±8.7 | 67.3±9.1 | 97.7±8.8 |
| 64.9±2.8 | 132.6±5.1 | 224.7±9.4 | 60.3±3 | 110±3.3 | 174.7±3.6 | 50.6±0.7 | 81.4±1.1 | 136.3±1.7 | |
| 18–19 | 37.7±2.2 | 74.3±2.1 | 117.8±2.2 | 35±0.3 | 65.9±2.3 | 98.5±3.6 | 31.5±2 | 52.3±2 | 76.4±2.3 |
| 61.6±4.5 | 112.1±4 | 189±4 | 46.4±3.8 | 87.8±5 | 143.3±5.4 | 41.1±6.7 | 71.2±6.4 | 113.4±6.4 | |
| 20–22 | 31.8±0.2 | 64.3±0.4 | 100.8±0.6 | 32.5±0.3 | 56.2±0.5 | 84.3±1.9 | 27.8±0.7 | 45.1±1.1 | 65.1±1.6 |
| 56.4±2.4 | 109.2±2.4 | 178.7±3.6 | 42.2±2.6 | 74.4±5.8 | 124.2±7.6 | 35.1±3 | 64.2±2.8 | 97.9±2.6 | |
| 23–25 | 35±0.4 | 65.1±0.7 | 102.1±0.9 | 32.1±0.2 | 51.1±0.4 | 78±0.5 | 28.1±0.3 | 43±0.5 | 58.7±0.7 |
| 52.3±2.3 | 96.3±4.2 | 169.9±7.5 | 37.1±6.7 | 65.2±6.5 | 109.6±7.6 | 27.9±0.1 | 48.9±0.1 | 81.1±0.2 | |
| Antenatal care visit*: any visit/no visit | |||||||||
| <16 | 33.5±1.6 | 79.9±4 | 187.4±15 | 26.7±18.6 | 60.7±22.3 | 109.3±30.8 | 27.9±3.6 | 43.9±5.7 | – |
| 38.5±3.6 | 53.2±5 | 141.3±16.2 | 81.9±16.9 | 122.1±20.7 | 209.1±47 | 26.1±1.8 | 85.2±17.6 | ||
| 16–17 | 27±1 | 60.2±2.2 | 94.2±11.1 | 24.8±0.5 | 51.6±1.1 | 93±2 | 24.3±0.7 | 39.8±1.1 | 64.8±1.3 |
| 57.4±2 | 93.6±10.6 | 173.1±11.8 | 28.8±14.7 | 64.3±14.4 | 95.8±14.2 | 41±1.5 | 79.2±2.8 | 41±5.2 | |
| 18–19 | 25.7±0.7 | 48.5±1.4 | 80.8±2.4 | 23.7±0.4 | 47.8±3.8 | 87.9±3.7 | 19.4±3.7 | 32.1±3.5 | 52.4±3.3 |
| 0.8±1.7 | 77.3±3.3 | 132.6±3.6 | 36.6±1.3 | 60.3±7.6 | 176.2±11.1 | 38.3±1.3 | 62.8±2.3 | 103.9±3.4 | |
| 20–22 | 22.8±0.4 | 48.5±0.7 | 77.3±1.1 | 22.6±0.4 | 41.1±0.6 | 59.8±0.8 | 15.9±0.2 | 27.4±0.3 | 38.2±0.4 |
| 53±2 | 101.7±4 | 206.9±18.9 | 6.2±15.3 | 74.5±18.2 | 150.1±19.7 | 42.8±1.6 | 82.1±2.9 | 125.4±4.2 | |
| 23–25 | 26.1±0.7 | 52.3±1.4 | 82.7±1.9 | 21.3±0.3 | 36.8±0.4 | 65.4±0.5 | 16.5±0.9 | 24.9±1 | 34.1±1.4 |
| 24.7±1.2 | 43.1±15.4 | 132.2±248.3 | 20.6±1.2 | 44.9±2.7 | 63.1±3.8 | 15.2±1.2 | 52.3±4.5 | 96.1±9.9 | |
| Place of delivery*: at home/health facility | |||||||||
| <16 | 88±8.8 | 161±9.5 | 253.1±11.6 | 65.5±2.9 | 116.9±5.3 | 214.3±11.9 | 53±26.4 | 105.7±25.1 | 215.4±22.2 |
| 59.8±19 | 94.2±21.5 | 188.8±31.2 | 38.6±31.1 | 73.6±31.3 | 138.2±29.2 | 41.1±2.1 | 78.6±11 | 140±11.9 | |
| 16–17 | 53.8±1.2 | 108.5±2.5 | 187.3±5.4 | 56.3±1.5 | 90.3±2.5 | 156.1±5.5 | 51.2±1.1 | 80.8±1.7 | 150.9±3.1 |
| 41.7±3 | 88.6±3.9 | 138.1±9 | 32.9±0.6 | 68.1±1.3 | 114.7±2.6 | 34.7±1 | 60.1±1.6 | 91.6±1.8 | |
| 18–19 | 46.5±5.2 | 92.5±5 | 148.6±7.2 | 41.5±8.4 | 78.9±7.7 | 132.1±7 | 41.2±7.5 | 72.5±6.7 | 117±6.1 |
| 35±1.1 | 65.1±2 | 100.9±2.9 | 32.2±0.6 | 59.8±1.1 | 94.4±1.8 | 30.9±0.7 | 46.9±1 | 68.2±1.7 | |
| 20–22 | 43.5±0.7 | 90.3±1.4 | 141.8±2.8 | 44.2±1.3 | 70.8±2.2 | 110.4±4.1 | 38.2±6.7 | 70.6±6.5 | 104.9±6.5 |
| 33.3±0.6 | 65.2±1.1 | 100.7±1.7 | 31.1±0.6 | 53.2±1.1 | 79.6±1.8 | 27.6±0.3 | 43.4±0.4 | 57.9±0.4 | |
| 23–25 | 45.9±4.4 | 83.6±7.1 | 140.6±6.9 | 30.3±0.9 | 60.4±1.7 | 96.7±21.3 | 25.4±0.8 | 48.3±1.6 | 74.5±2.9 |
| 31.7±0.6 | 60.2±1.2 | 97.2±1.7 | 30.7±0.3 | 47.9±0.4 | 75.2±0.4 | 29.5±0.6 | 41.3±0.8 | 53.6±1.1 | |
| South Asia | |||||||||
| Maternal age at first birth (years) | |||||||||
| <16 | 82.9±1.6 | 112.6±2.1 | 145±2.5 | 55.4±2.7 | 81.7±3.1 | 98.9±6.4 | 59.7±15 | 84.4±20.8 | 95.7±22.8 |
| 16–17 | 65.6±2.3 | 94.8±5 | 112.1±4.9 | 50.8±1.1 | 75±2.8 | 86.9±2.9 | 46.4±3.7 | 64.4±5.1 | 74±5.7 |
| 18–19 | 53.2±0.7 | 74.3±1.1 | 86.5±1.2 | 45.7±1.1 | 61.6±1.3 | 71±2.3 | 38.7±7.2 | 51.4±7.3 | 58.7±8.5 |
| 20–22 | 39.6±1.1 | 56.4±1 | 66.9±1 | 32.5±1.5 | 45.7±1.5 | 53.6±1.5 | 31.3±4.6 | 41.9±4.6 | 48.3±4.6 |
| 23–25 | 35.5±0.2 | 49.6±0.3 | 57.5±0.4 | 25.3±0.1 | 36.4±0.3 | 45.1±0.3 | 26.3±1.6 | 34.4±3.3 | 40.7±3.3 |
| Urban/rural residency | |||||||||
| <16 | 80.2±4.2 | 107.3±5.6 | 132.1±6.5 | 48.8±6.2 | 63.5±12 | 86.4±11.8 | 56.4±33.5 | 71.8±42.2 | 77.1±44.1 |
| 83.4±1.6 | 113.6±2.1 | 147.6±2.5 | 57.3±2.8 | 87.1±4.2 | 102.6±7.5 | 60.6±52.8 | 88±51.4 | 101.2±50.5 | |
| 16–17 | 51.1±1.7 | 71.5±2.4 | 87.1±3.2 | 34.4±3.1 | 53.8±4.8 | 60.5±4.8 | 27.3±4.5 | 44.4±7.3 | 54.5±8.6 |
| 69±2.2 | 100.3±4.9 | 118.1±4.7 | 55.7±3.7 | 81.2±4.3 | 94.4±4.4 | 52.8±6.1 | 71.1±6.7 | 80.5±10.1 | |
| 18–19 | 36.5±0.4 | 53.3±0.5 | 61±0.6 | 31±1.6 | 48±2.1 | 52.6±3.4 | 30.4±15.2 | 40.5±15.3 | 45.8±17.8 |
| 58.2±0.8 | 80.7±1.2 | 4.4±1.4 | 50.7±1.6 | 66.1±1.8 | 77.1±2.6 | 41.5±1.9 | 55.1±2.5 | 63.2±2.8 | |
| 20–22 | 28±0.2 | 39.4±0.3 | 45±0.4 | 21.3±0.7 | 30.1±0.7 | 35.1±1 | 23.1±8.8 | 31.2±8.7 | 35.1±8.7 |
| 44.8±1.2 | 64.1±1.1 | 76.8±1 | 37.7±1.7 | 52.9±1.7 | 62.4±1.7 | 34.6±0.9 | 46.3±1.4 | 53.6±1.5 | |
| 23–25 | 27.1±0.2 | 37.2±0.2 | 43.5±0.3 | 19.2±0.1 | 28.7±0.5 | 35.6±0.5 | 16.6±2.5 | 21.9±5 | 26.8±5 |
| 41.4±0.3 | 58.2±0.5 | 67.3±0.6 | 9.4±0.2 | 41.5±0.3 | 51.5±0.3 | 31.9±0.4 | 41.6±0.6 | 48.8±0.7 | |
| Maternal education status: any education/no education | |||||||||
| <16 | 67.4±1.9 | 95±2.7 | 120±3.2 | 42.9±3.2 | 62.7±3.4 | 82.6±7.6 | 67.2±17.9 | 85.7±22.5 | 96±24.3 |
| 100.1±0 | 132±0 | 170.9±0.4 | 100.2±4.6 | 149.4±6.7 | 159.5±6.9 | 45.1±8.3 | 81.5±14.4 | 94.6±16.9 | |
| 16–17 | 52.7±3.9 | 76.8±3.7 | 88.3±3.6 | 40.3±0.9 | 61±3.1 | 68±3.1 | 42.1±3.2 | 57.4±4.4 | 65±4.8 |
| 83.1±0.8 | 118.8±5.2 | 142.5±5 | 94.5±1.6 | 132.8±2.2 | 160.5±2.6 | 56.8±7.1 | 80.8±9.9 | 94.3±11.1 | |
| 18–19 | 44.2±0.7 | 61.6±1.4 | 70.7±1.4 | 39.8±1.1 | 52.6±1.3 | 61.5±2.6 | 35.4±1.3 | 45.7±1.6 | 51.6±6.7 |
| 68.9±0.5 | 96.6±0.7 | 113.2±0.8 | 72.6±0.8 | 102.5±1.1 | 113.6±1.2 | 47.7±20.4 | 66.8±20.5 | 77.4±20.4 | |
| 20–22 | 32.4±1.5 | 46.3±1.4 | 53.5±1. | 28.2±1.7 | 40.3±1.7 | 47.3±1.7 | 28.7±0.9 | 37.2±1.2 | 42±1.3 |
| 59.1±0.2 | 83.8±0.3 | 102.1±2.9 | 57.5±0.3 | 76.7±0.4 | 89.5±0.5 | 39.9±16 | 56.9±15.8 | 67.4±15.7 | |
| 23–25 | 29±0.2 | 39.3±0.3 | 45.7±0.4 | 22.4±0.1 | 31.8±0.4 | 39.3±0.4 | 22.8±1.9 | 28.7±1.9 | 33.8±1.9 |
| 63.8±0.8 | 93.8±1 | 107.2±1 | 46±0.6 | 68.9±1 | 85.4±1.2 | 40.8±2.3 | 57.1±6.4 | 67.5±6.6 | |
| Antenatal care visit: any visit/no visit | |||||||||
| <16 | 23.4±0.8 | 56.3±2 | 67.1±2.4 | – | – | – | 29.2±2 | 29.2±2 | 55.7±7.8 |
| 62.4±5.6 | 63.8±5.7 | 65.8±5.9 | 40.3±30.9 | 40.3±30.9 | 40.3±31 | ||||
| 16–17 | 26.4±0.5 | 38.9±0.7 | 56±1.3 | 19.3±2.1 | 23.7±2.2 | 27.1±7 | 19±2 | 25.9±2.8 | 28.4±3.2 |
| 29.1±0.7 | 65.2±11.9 | 69.8±11.9 | 27.1±1.4 | 32±5.1 | 39.2±5.3 | 39.8±3.2 | 67±5.6 | 83±7.2 | |
| 18–19 | 26.8±0.4 | 35.5±0.5 | 40.3±0.6 | 19.9±0.4 | 24.1±0.4 | 27±0.5 | 17.8±1.2 | 25±1.7 | 27.3±1.9 |
| 25.6±0.4 | 31.6±7.9 | 34.7±7.8 | 20.7±0.8 | 39.6±1.5 | 47.8±1.8 | 38.4±2.7 | 59.4±4.1 | 64.8±4.7 | |
| 20–22 | 23.3±0.2 | 31.4±0.2 | 36.3±0.2 | 12.9±3.6 | 16±3.6 | 17.5±3.6 | 16.6±0.7 | 22.9±0.9 | 25.8±1 |
| 38.2±0.9 | 52.4±1.3 | 75.1±2.1 | 24.1±6.5 | 37.9±6.5 | 39.3±8.3 | 34.6±6 | 46.6±8.1 | 54.7±8.4 | |
| 23–25 | 16.8±0.2 | 22.7±0.2 | 23.2±0.2 | 11.9±0.1 | 18.5±0.7 | 24.9±0.7 | 15.7±3.4 | 20.4±3.4 | 24±3.5 |
| 56.6±3.2 | 81.8±4.5 | 89±5.1 | 39.2±4.3 | 44.9±5 | 44.9±5 | 36±2 | 52±2.9 | 70.2±3 | |
| Place of delivery: at home/health facility | |||||||||
| <16 | 57.3±2.2 | 87.3±3.5 | 120.7±5.1 | 28.1±1.8 | 34.9±2.3 | 50.3±35.8 | 53.7±14.9 | 79.4±24.1 | 112.5±24.2 |
| 74.1±6.1 | 109.3±8.7 | 109.3±8.7 | 40.7±40.4 | 65.7±39.7 | 65.7±39.7 | 55.7±2.6 | 75.3±3.6 | 141.1±9.2 | |
| 16–17 | 61.2±3.3 | 91.9±5.4 | 103.9±5.3 | 36.3±0.8 | 56.2±1.1 | 64.3±1.1 | 53.9±4 | 80.4±5.9 | 88.2±6.1 |
| 62±1.8 | 83.6±2.4 | 94.3±2.6 | 38±0.8 | 38±0.8 | 47.7±1.2 | 41.7±3.5 | 56.9±4.9 | 67.4±6.5 | |
| 18–19 | 50.4±1.2 | 69.9±3.6 | 89±3.5 | 48.5±0.9 | 58.5±1.1 | 68.7±6.3 | 43.4±2 | 64.4±3.2 | 70.1±3.3 |
| 47.2±0.6 | 60±0.7 | 66.8±0.8 | 32.6±0.9 | 40.9±1.2 | 46.2±1.4 | 34.7±3 | 46.5±4.1 | 52±4.7 | |
| 20–22 | 43.4±2.6 | 61±2.5 | 78.1±3.8 | 30.4±0.5 | 41.5±0.7 | 49.7±0.9 | 46±4.7 | 60.9±6.4 | 79.1±10.1 |
| 30±0.3 | 38.3±0.4 | 43.1±0.4 | 26±0.2 | 32.3±0.2 | 38±0.2 | 27.2±1.9 | 37.1±2.6 | 43.7±3 | |
| 23–25 | 46.9±0.6 | 68.2±0.8 | 76.6±0.9 | 29.2±0.5 | 43.5±0.7 | 53.8±0.9 | 42.4±1.5 | 58.1±9.2 | 73.2±9.2 |
| 29.3±0.4 | 36.7±0.5 | 41.8±0.5 | 19.2±0.1 | 27.2±1.4 | 33.2±1.4 | 24.4±3 | 31.3±3.2 | 38.2±3.3 | |
*Births that occurred in the 3/5 years preceding the survey.
IMR, infant mortality rate; NNMR, neonatal mortality rate; U5MR, under-5 mortality rate.