SPIDER question format
| Sample | Studies describing types/classifications/taxonomies/conceptual models of uncertainties related to people/patients/healthcare providers/policymakers/healthcare systems |
| Phenomenon of Interest | Uncertainties in healthcare |
| Design | Any, for example, qualitative, quantitative and mixed-method studies |
| Evaluation/outcome | A conceptual framework or taxonomy of uncertainties or elements identified from the research that can be contributed to the framework |
| Research tool | Any tool for collecting data (eg, interviews, surveys, analysis of secondary data) |
The SPIDER (Sample. Population of Interest, Design, Evaluation, Research type) tool was adopted to define key elements of the review question and standardise search strategy.