Bivariate analysis for maternal outcomes
| Characteristics | Number of deaths ((%)n=182) | Number of those alive ((%)n=3999) | P value |
| Age | |||
| 12–19 | 10 (8.1) | 113 (91.9) | 0.050 |
| 20–34 | 124 (4.0) | 2970 (96.0) | |
| 35–60 | 48 (5.0) | 916 (95.0) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Single | 25 (8.2) | 279 (91.8) | 0.001 |
| Married | 157 (4.1) | 3, (95.9) | |
| Employment status | |||
| Unemployed/housewife | 33 (4.6) | 688 (95.4) | 0.581 |
| Student | 17 (6.2) | 257 (93.8) | |
| Self-employed (petty-trader) | 80 (4.3) | 1797 (95.7) | |
| Self-employed (mid-high business) | 17 (3.9) | 425 (96.1) | |
| Employed | 35 (4.0) | 832 (96.0) | |
| Obstetric complications in a previous pregnancy | |||
| Yes | 12 (1.6) | 721 (98.4) | <0.001 |
| No | 170 (4.9) | 3278 (95.1) | |
| Parity | |||
| Nulliparous (0) | 59 (4.0) | 1436 (96.0) | 0.277 |
| Primiparous (1) | 40 (3.8) | 1026 (96.2) | |
| Multiparous (2–4) | 78 (5.2) | 1437 (94.2) | |
| Grand-multiparous (5 or more) | 5 (4.8) | 100 (95.2) | |
| Number of gestations | |||
| Singleton | 180 (4.5) | 3820 (95.5) | 0.029 |
| Multiple | 2 (1.1) | 179 (98.9) | |
| Booking status | |||
| Booked | 11 (0.7) | 1491 (99.3) | <0.001 |
| Un-booked | 171 (6.4) | 2508 (93.6) | |
| Maternal complications | |||
| No maternal complication, only fetal complication | 6 (4.1) | 139 (95.9) | <0.001 |
| Obstructed labour | 9 (0.9) | 987 (99.1) | |
| Haemorrhage | 26 (3.5) | 711 (96.5) | |
| Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia | 31 (3.3) | 911 (96.7) | |
| Sepsis | 6 (3.5) | 167 (96.5) | |
| Abortion | 73 (12.2) | 524 (87.8) | |
| Ectopic pregnancy | 22 (8.8) | 227 (91.2) | |
| Others | 9 (2.6) | 333 (97.4) | |
| Weekend travel to a facility | |||
| Yes | 35 (3.7) | 913 (96.3) | 0.257 |
| No | 147 (4.5) | 3086 (95.5) | |
| Period of the day of travel to the facility (n=2813) | |||
| Morning | 32 (3.1) | 989 (96.9) | 0.063 |
| Afternoon | 38 (5.1) | 713 (94.9) | |
| Evening | 37 (5.8) | 607 (94.2) | |
| Night | 21 (5.3) | 376 (94.7) | |
| Referral | |||
| Not referred | 140 (4.5) | 3003 (95.5) | 0.576 |
| Referred | 42 (4.1) | 996 (95.9) | |
| Distance of travel from home directly to a hospital (N=2978*) | |||
| Within 5 km | 37 (3.0) | 1188 (97.0) | 0.003 |
| 5–10 km | 42 (6.0) | 662 (94.0) | |
| >10–15 km | 24 (7.5) | 295 (92.5) | |
| >15–25 km | 13 (4.2) | 299 (95.8) | |
| >25–35 km | 7 (3.7) | 185 (96.3) | |
| >35 km | 8 (3.5) | 218 (96.5) | |
| Distance of travel from home to initial facility for referred women (N=611†) | |||
| Within 5 km | 11 (3.9) | 272 (96.1) | 0.491 |
| 5–10 km | 9 (7.5) | 111 (92.5) | |
| >10–15 km | 4 (5.6) | 68 (94.4) | |
| >15–25 km | 3 (3.9) | 74 (96.1) | |
| >25–35 km | 1 (3.5) | 28 (96.5) | |
| >35 km | 0 (0.0) | 30 (100.0) | |
| Distance of travel from initial facility to the final facility of care for referred women (N=611†) | |||
| Within 5 km | 13 (5.8) | 211 (94.2) | 0.933 |
| 5–10 km | 6 (4.1) | 140 (95.9) | |
| >10–15 km | 3 (3.9) | 73 (96.1) | |
| >15–25 km | 3 (3.3) | 87 (96.7) | |
| >25–35 km | 2 (6.1) | 30 (93.9) | |
| >35 km | 2 (4.6) | 41 (95.4) | |
| Total traceable distance for all women whose journeys were traceable (N=3590*†‡) | |||
| Within 5 km | 41 (3.1) | 1275 (96.9) | 0.005 |
| 5–10 km | 49 (5.9) | 782 (94.1) | |
| >10–15 km | 28 (7.1) | 367 (95.7) | |
| >15–25 km | 19 (4.3) | 423 (95.7) | |
| >25–35 km | 11 (4.3) | 247 (95.7) | |
| >35 km | 12 (3.5) | 335 (96.5) | |
| Time of travel from home directly to a hospital (N=2978*) | |||
| 0–9 min | 15 (2.4) | 602 (97.6) | 0.005 |
| 10–29 min | 66 (5.5) | 1135 (94.5) | |
| 30–59 min | 32 (4.8) | 635 (95.2) | |
| 60–119 min | 12 (2.8) | 411 (97.2) | |
| 120–480 min | 6 (8.6) | 64 (91.4) | |
| Time of travel from home to initial facility for referred women (N=611†) | |||
| 0–9 min | 5 (3.7) | 129 (96.3) | 0.452 |
| 10–29 min | 15 (6.4) | 220 (93.6) | |
| 30–59 min | 6 (4.1) | 141 (95.9) | |
| 60–119 min | 2 (2.7) | 71 (97.3) | |
| 120–480 min | 0 (0.0) | 22 (100.0) | |
| Time of travel from initial facility to the final facility of care for referred women (N=611†) | |||
| 0–9 min | 4 (3.6) | 108 (96.4) | 0.151 |
| 10–29 min | 17 (7.6) | 207 (92.4) | |
| 30–59 min | 5 (2.9) | 164 (97.1) | |
| 60–119 min | 3 (3.2) | 90 (96.8) | |
| 120–480 min | 0 (0.0) | 13 (100.0) | |
| Total travel time for all women whose journeys were traceable (N=3590*†‡) | |||
| 0–9 min | 15 (2.3) | 624 (97.7) | 0.009 |
| 10–29 min | 75 (5.6) | 1268 (94.4) | |
| 30–59 min | 43 (5.1) | 801 (94.9) | |
| 60–119 min | 20 (3.3) | 589 (96.7) | |
| 120–480 min | 7 (4.5) | 148 (95.5) | |
| Mode of birth | |||
| Spontaneous vaginal birth | 46 (3.7) | 1194 (96.3) | <0.001 |
| Assisted vaginal birth | 20 (13.2) | 131 (86.8) | |
| Caesarean birth | 21 (1.1) | 1923 (98.9) | |
| Uterine evacuation | 95 (11.2) | 751 (88.8) | |
| Facility type | |||
| Non-apex referral | 164 (4.8) | 3286 (95.2) | 0.006 |
| Apex referral | 18 (2.5) | 713 (97.5) | |
| Principal settlement type served by the hospital | |||
| Urban | 13 (1.5) | 845 (98.5) | <0.001 |
| Suburban | 127 (5.5) | 2205 (94.5) | |
| Rural | 42 (4.2) | 949 (95.8) | |
| The majority population type served in the hospital catchment area | |||
| Non-slum | 138 (4.1) | 3262 (95.9) | 0.052 |
| Slum | 44 (5.6) | 737 (94.4) | |
Educational level attained was excluded as the level of missingness was too high for computation in the model. Fetal complication was excluded as it does not influence the outcome of this study. Type of referral facility was also excluded, as this variable was not relevant to the entire sample.
*Excludes women whose journey to the facility could not be determined (n=166).
†Excludes women whose referral journey could not be traced (n=415).
‡Excludes 10 missing values.