Logistic regression showing association between maternal death and the selected independent variables
| Factor | Unadjusted (95% CI) | Adjusted—Model 1 (95% CI) |
| Age | ||
| 12–19 | 2.12 (1.08 to 4.15)* | 1.50 (0.62 to 3.63) |
| 20–34 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 35–60 | 1.25 (0.89 to 1.76) | 1.30 (0.88 to 1.92) |
| Marital status | ||
| Single | 2.12 (1.37 to 3.29)** | 0.89 (0.49 to 1.61) |
| Married | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Obstetrical complications in a previous pregnancy | ||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.32 (0.18 to 0.58)*** | 0.41 (0.22 to 0.77)** |
| Booking status at the hospital of care | ||
| Un-booked | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Booked | 0.11 (0.06 to 0.20)*** | 0.21 (0.11 to 0.42)*** |
| Maternal complications | ||
| No maternal complication, only fetal complication | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Obstructed labour | 0.21 (0.74 to 0.60)** | 0.28 (0.09 to 0.89)* |
| Haemorrhage | 0.85 (0.34 to 2.09) | 0.68 (0.26 to 1.79) |
| Hypertension | 0.79 (0.32 to 1.92) | 0.76 (0.29 to 1.98) |
| Sepsis | 0.83 (0.26 to 2.64) | 0.79 (0.22 to 2.79) |
| Abortion | 3.23 (1.38 to 7.57)** | 1.90 (0.74 to 4.87) |
| Ectopic pregnancy | 2.25 (0.89 to 5.67) | 1.30 (0.47 to 3.60) |
| Others | 0.63 (0.22 to 1.79) | 0.84 (0.27 to 2.60) |
| Mode of birth | ||
| Spontaneous vaginal birth | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Assisted vaginal birth | 3.96 (2.27 to 6.90)*** | 3.37 (1.76 to 6.46)*** |
| Caesarean birth | 0.28 (0.17 to 0.47)*** | 0.39 (0.22 to 0.71)** |
| Uterine evacuation | 3.28 (2.28 to 4.72)*** | (omitted) |
| Referral | ||
| Travel from home/other location initial facility | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Referred from initial facility to final facility | 0.90 (0.64 to 1.29) | 1.09 (0.67 to 1.77) |
| Total traceable distance for all women whose journeys were traceable (N=3590†‡§) | ||
| Within 5 km | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 5–10 km | 1.95 (1.27 to 2.98)** | 1.56 (0.93 to 2.62) |
| >10–15 km | 2.37 (1.45 to 3.89)** | 2.53 (1.27 to 5.03)** |
| >15–25 km | 1.39 (0.80 to 2.43) | 1.74 (0.74 to 4.09) |
| >25–35 km | 1.38 (0.70 to 2.73) | 1.99 (0.67 to 5.91) |
| >35 km | 1.11 (0.58 to 2.14) | 1.58 (0.42 to 5.85) |
| Total traceable time for all women whose journeys were traceable (N=3590†‡*) | ||
| 0–9 min | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 10–29 min | 2.46 (1.40 to 4.32)** | 1.58 (0.81 to 3.09) |
| 30–59 min | 2.23 (1.23 to 4.06)** | 1.10 (0.46 to 2.63) |
| 60–119 min | 1.41 (0.72 to 2.79) | 0.79 (0.25 to 2.50) |
| 120–480 min | 1.97 (0.79 to 4.91) | 1.39 (0.28 to 6.85) |
| Facility type | ||
| Non-apex referral | 1.98 (1.21 to 3.24)** | 0.79 (0.38 to 1.65) |
| Apex referral | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Principal settlement type served by the hospital | ||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Suburban | 3.74 (2.10 to 6.66)*** | 3.60 (1.59 to 8.18)** |
| Rural | 2.88 (1.54 to 5.40)*** | 2.51 (1.01 to 6.29)* |
| The majority population type served in the hospital catchment area | ||
| Non-slum | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Slum | 1.41 (1.00 to 2.00)* | 1.53 (0.99 to 2.34) |
Model description: Model 1: adjusted for all variables in the model including socio-demographic, distance and time of travel as well as facility characteristics for all women whose journey from home to the hospital could be traced, Model 2A: subgroup analysis for all women who travelled from home directly to a health facility, Model 2B: subgroup analysis for all women who were referred in their journey from home to a health facility.
***p≤0.001; **p≤0.010; *p≤0.050.
†Excludes 10 missing values.
‡Excludes women whose referral journey could not be traced (n=415).
§Excludes women whose journey to a hospital could not be determined (n=166).