Variables | Model 0 | Model I aOR (95% CI) | Model II aOR (95% CI) | Model III aOR (95% CI) |
Fixed-effect results | ||||
Birth order | ||||
First | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
Second | 1.14*** (1.08 to 1.20) | 1.09** (1.03 to 1.15) | ||
Third | 1.19*** (1.11 to 1.26) | 1.12** (1.04 to 1.19) | ||
Fourth | 1.18*** (1.10 to 1.27) | 1.10* (1.02 to 1.19) | ||
Fifth or more | 1.13** (1.05 to 1.22) | 1.09*(1.01 to 1.18) | ||
Birth weight | ||||
Normal (≥2.5 kg) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
Low birth weight (<2.5 kg) | 1.13*** (1.06 to 1.21) | 1.09*(1.01 to 1.17) | ||
Type of delivery | ||||
Vaginal | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
Caesarean section | 0.21*** (0.20 to 0.24) | 0.15*** (0.13 to 0.16) | ||
Type of birth | ||||
Single | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
Multiple | 0.82*** (0.73 to 0.92) | 0.76*** (0.67 to 0.86) | ||
Mother’s age (years) | ||||
15–19 | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
20–24 | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.07) | 1.01 (0.94 to 1.08) | ||
25–29 | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.02) | 0.98 (0.90 to 1.06) | ||
30–34 | 1.03 (0.95 to 1.12) | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.15) | ||
35–39 | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.09) | 1.01 (0.92 to 1.11) | ||
40–44 | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.05) | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.06) | ||
45–49 | 0.96 (0.84 to 1.10) | 0.94 (0.82 to 1.08) | ||
Maternal educational level | ||||
No education | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
Primary | 1.42*** (1.35 to 1.49) | 1.07** (1.02 to 1.12) | ||
Secondary or higher | 1.44*** (1.36 to 1.52) | 1.12*** (1.06 to 1.19) | ||
Marital status | ||||
Never in union | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
Married | 0.74*** (0.69 to 0.79) | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.07) | ||
Cohabiting | 1.11** (1.03 to 1.21) | 0.94 (0.87 to 1.03) | ||
Widowed | 0.83** (0.72 to 0.96) | 1.02 (0.87 to 1.18) | ||
Divorced | 0.81** (0.72 to 0.92) | 0.98 (0.86 to 1.12) | ||
Separated | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.18) | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.08) | ||
Current working status | ||||
No | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
Yes | 1.00 (0.96 to 1.04) | 0.98 (0.94 to 1.03) | ||
ANC | ||||
None | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
1–3 | 1.48*** (1.34 to 1.63) | 1.36*** (1.23 to 1.50) | ||
4 or more | 1.76*** (1.60 to 1.93) | 1.59*** (1.44 to 1.76) | ||
Place of delivery | ||||
Home | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
Health facility | 6.73*** (6.28 to 7.20) | 6.11*** (5.71 to 6.54) | ||
Other | 1.35*** (1.14 to 1.59) | 0.86 (0.72 to 1.04) | ||
Health insurance coverage | ||||
No | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
Yes | 0.55*** (0.50 to 0.61) | 1.15** (1.05 to 1.27) | ||
Exposed to reading newspaper/magazine | ||||
No | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
Yes | 1.58*** (1.46 to 1.71) | 1.29*** (1.19 to 1.40) | ||
Exposed to listening radio | ||||
No | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
Yes | 1.19*** (1.14 to 1.24) | 1.07** (1.03 to 1.12) | ||
Exposed to watching television | ||||
No | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
Yes | 0.98 (0.92 to 1.03) | 1.05 (0.99 to 1.11) | ||
Wealth index | ||||
Poorest | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
Poorer | 1.18*** (1.12 to 1.24) | 1.02 (0.96 to 1.08) | ||
Middle | 1.37*** (1.29 to 1.46) | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.10) | ||
Richer | 1.74*** (1.62 to 1.87) | 1.18*** (1.10 to 1.27) | ||
Richest | 2.09*** (1.93 to 2.28) | 1.28***(1.17 to 1.40) | ||
Place of residence | ||||
Urban | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1 (1.00 to 1.00) | ||
Rural | 0.79*** (0.74 to 0.86) | 0.93*(0.86 to 0.99) | ||
Random effect results | ||||
PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.68 (0.55 to 0.84) | 1.03 (0.83 to 1.29) | 0.17 (0.13 to 0.22) | 0.20 (0.15 to 0.25) |
ICC | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
Wald χ2 | Reference | 5220.47*** | 6339.22*** | 9329.47*** |
Model fitness | ||||
Log-likelihood | −87325.69 | −74997.35 | −72592.07 | −65348.40 |
AIC | 174 655.4 | 150 056.7 | 145 230.1 | 130 800.8 |
N | 131 094 | 131 094 | 131 094 | 131 094 |
Number of clusters | 1399 | 1399 | 1399 | 1399 |
Exponentiated coefficients; 95% CIs in parentheses.
Model II and III were controlled for countries.
*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
1, reference category; AIC, Akaike’s information criterion; ANC, antenatal care; aOR, adjusted OR; ICC, intraclass correlation; PSU, primary sampling unit.