Table 1

Screening strategies

Strategy noStep 1: Strategies included, varying ages and frequencies for both primary HPV and VIA approachesStep 2: Strategies assessed to predict impact on health outcomes, resource utilisation and budget impact
38 strategies were assessed using the screening pathways as in figure 1A (self-collected HPV S&T) and 1B (VIA)Strategies that appeared on the cost-effectiveness frontier from step 1 were assessed, as well as the WHO elimination strategy (twice lifetime at ages 35, 45)
0No interventionNo intervention
11X-lifetime screening 
1.1Once lifetime at age 30 (1X) 
1.2Once lifetime at age 35 (1X)Once lifetime at age 35 (1X)
1.3Once lifetime at age 40 (1X) 
1.4Once lifetime at age 45 (1X) 
1.5Once lifetime at age 50 (1X) 
22X-lifetime screening 
2.1Twice lifetime at age 30, 35 (2X) 
2.2Twice lifetime at age 35, 40 (2X)Twice lifetime at age 35, 40 (2X)
2.3Twice lifetime at age 40, 45 (2X) 
2.4Twice lifetime at age 45, 50 (2X) 
2.5Twice lifetime at age 30, 40 (2X)Twice lifetime at age 30, 40 (2X)
2.6Twice lifetime at age 35, 45 (2X)—WHO global elimination strategy and 2021 WHO guideline’s recommended strategyTwice lifetime at age 35, 45 (2X)-WHO global elimination strategy and 2021 WHO guideline’s recommended strategy
2.7Twice lifetime at age 40, 50 (2X) 
2.8Twice lifetime at age 45, 55 (2X) 
33X-lifetime screening 
3.1Thrice lifetime at age 30, 35, 40 (3X)Thrice lifetime at age 30, 35, 40 (3X)
3.2Thrice lifetime at age 35, 40, 45 (3X) 
3.3Thrice lifetime at age 40, 45, 50 (3X) 
3.4Thrice lifetime at age 30, 40, 50 (3X)-2021 WHO guideline’s recommended strategy 
3.5Thrice lifetime at age 35, 45, 55 (3X) 
45-yearly screening 30–55 
4.15-yearly at age 30–55 (6X)5-yearly at age 30–55 (6X)
Total: 38 screening strategiesTotal: 5 screening strategies plus WHO elimination strategy

  • S&T, screen and treat; VIA, visual inspection with acetic acid.