Definitions of indicators calculated for sampled women/live births during the 5-year survey recall period
| Indicator | Numerator | Denominator |
| Antenatal care (ANC) | ||
| Utilisation | At least one ANC visit (ANC1) | Women’s most recent live birth |
| At least four ANC visits (ANC4) | Women’s most recent live birth | |
| Provision | At least one ANC visit in a public hospital‡ | Women’s most recent live birth and ANC1=1 |
| At least one ANC visit in a public health facility‡ | Women’s most recent live birth and ANC1=1 | |
| At least one ANC visit at a private health facility‡ | Women’s most recent live birth and ANC1=1 | |
| Content | Received all three measured elements of care during ANC visits (had blood pressure, a blood sample, and urine sample taken) | Women’s most recent live birth and ANC1=1 |
| Childbirth care | ||
| Utilisation | Childbirth in a health facility (facility-based delivery, FBD) | All live births |
| Provision | Childbirth in a public hospital | All live births and FBD=1 |
| Childbirth in a public health facility | All live births and FBD=1 | |
| Childbirth in a private health facility | All live births and FBD=1 | |
| Content | Childbirth by caesarean section (CS) | All live births |
| Breastfeeding initiated within an hour of childbirth* | Most recent live birth and FBD=1 | |
| Baby weighed at birth* | Most recent live birth and FBD=1 | |
| Skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth* | Most recent live birth and FBD=1 | |
| Postnatal care (PNC) | ||
| Utilisation | Woman had a PNC≤48 hour of childbirth* | Women’s most recent live birth |
| Content | Stayed ≥24 hours in facility after vaginal delivery* | Women’s most recent live birth if FBD=1 and vaginal birth |
| Stayed ≥72 hours in facility after caesarean section* | Women’s most recent live birth if FBD=1 and CS birth | |
| Continuum of care | ||
| Utilisation content | Received minimum continuum of care* (At least four ANC visits (ANC4) and Received all three measured elements of care during ANC and Childbirth in a health facility (FBD) and Woman had a PNC≤48 hour of childbirth and (Stayed ≥24 hours in facility after vaginal delivery or Stayed ≥72 hours in facility after CS]) | Women’s most recent live birth |
*Analysis restricted to 2-year recall period before the survey.
†Not available in six included cities due to questionnaire adaptations.
‡Respondents could report several providers of ANC.