Sample characteristics‡ overall and by intimate partner violence during COVID-19 pandemic (n=363*), weighted
| Overall | IPV during COVID-19 pandemic | |||
| % | Row % | P value† | aOR (95% CI)†§ | |
| Total | − | 27.6 | − | |
| Individual | ||||
| Age group | 0.48 | − | ||
| 16–20 years | 30.4 | 31.1 | ||
| 20–25 years | 69.6 | 26.0 | ||
| Highest level of education completed | 0.006 | − | ||
| Secondary/‘A’ level or higher | 76.1 | 22.8 | ||
| Less than secondary | 23.9 | 42.6 | ||
| Subjective household SES tertile | 0.001 | − | ||
| Lowest | 37.9 | 40.0 | ||
| Middle | 20.5 | 21.7 | ||
| Highest | 41.6 | 19.2 | ||
| Pre-COVID main activity | 0.01 | |||
| School/caregiving | 39.9 | 18.0 | ref | |
| Paid work | 60.1 | 33.9 | 1.72 (1.11 to 2.68) | |
| Family structure | 0.001 | − | ||
| Lives with parents | 57.3 | 19.2 | ||
| Lives alone, with partner or others | 42.7 | 38.7 | ||
| Primary earner | 0.02 | − | ||
| Self | 16.4 | 42.5 | ||
| Someone else | 83.6 | 24.6 | ||
| Social support | 0.003 | |||
| High | 79.1 | 22.7 | ref | |
| Low | 20.9 | 46.0 | 2.02 (1.47 to 2.76) | |
| Personal control to leave household | 0.25 | − | ||
| None or very little | 22.3 | 20.7 | ||
| Some or a fair amount | 39.3 | 25.7 | ||
| Full control | 38.4 | 33.5 | ||
| Partner dyad | ||||
| Living with partner | 0.42 | − | ||
| No | 82.2 | 26.3 | ||
| Yes | 17.8 | 33.1 | ||
| Age difference with current partner | 0.005 | |||
| <4 years difference | 69.4 | 22.0 | ref | |
| >4 years difference | 30.6 | 40.1 | 1.95 (1.41 to 2.70) | |
| Past 12-month transactional relationship | 0.02 | − | ||
| No | 36.8 | 35.1 | ||
| Yes | 63.3 | 20.1 | ||
| Fear in relationship in 2019 | 0.12 | − | ||
| No | 53.9 | 24.6 | ||
| Yes | 46.1 | 35.7 | ||
| COVID-19 impacts since onset of restrictions | ||||
| Ability to meet basic needs since COVID-19 restrictions | 0.07 | |||
| Able to meet basic needs | 44.0 | 21.2 | ref | |
| Not able to meet basic needs | 56.0 | 32.6 | 1.30 (0.83 to 2.02) | |
| Change in amount of time at home since COVID-19 restrictions | − | |||
| Home less/unchanged | 12.5 | 36.0 | ||
| Home more | 87.5 | 26.3 | ||
| Change in personal control to leave household since COVID-19 restrictions | 0.66 | − | ||
| Less control | 29.2 | 28.0 | ||
| Unchanged | 25.5 | 32.1 | ||
| More control | 45.3 | 24.7 | ||
| Change in amount of time with partner since COVID-19 restrictions | 0.64 | − | ||
| Less time/unchanged | 57.9 | 24.6 | ||
| More time | 42.1 | 27.7 | ||
| Change in economic reliance on others since COVID-19 restrictions | 0.14 | − | ||
| More reliant | 59.4 | 23.3 | ||
| Not more reliant | 40.6 | 33.7 | ||
−indicates not included in final adjusted model aOR.
*Among partnered AGYW with complete 12-month follow-up or 18-month follow-up data.
†P value from design-based F-statistic for IPV experience by sample characteristic boldface indicates statistical significance at p<0.05.
‡Characteristics obtained at 12-month follow-up (2020).
§Generalised linear model (GLM) with link log and family binomial, accounting for robust SE clustering by node and survey design weighting.
AGYW, adolescent girls and young women; aOR, adjusted OR; IPV, intimate partner violence; SES, socioeconomic status.