Intimate partner violence trajectories over 18 months prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic, by 2020 survey characteristics (n=246†, weighted)
| Sustained safety (n=162) | Cesate IPV (n=23) | Initiate IPV (n=27) | Intermittent IPV (n=33) | P value* | |
| % | % | % | % | ||
| Overall | 66.2 | 9.2 | 11.1 | 13.6 | |
| Individual | |||||
| Age group | 0.61 | ||||
| 16–20 years | 62.2 | 7.8 | 10.3 | 19.7 | |
| 21–26 years | 67.7 | 9.7 | 11.3 | 11.3 | |
| Highest level of education completed | <0.001 | ||||
| Secondary/ ‘A’ level or higher | 72.8 | 8.3 | 10.7 | 8.2 | |
| Less than secondary | 42.6 | 12.5 | 12.3 | 32.7 | |
| Relative household SES tertial | 0.27 | ||||
| Lowest | 52.5 | 9.3 | 15.7 | 22.5 | |
| Middle | 69.3 | 9.0 | 8.3 | 13.4 | |
| Highest | 73.9 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 7.6 | |
| Pre-COVID main activity | 0.04 | ||||
| School/caregiving | 78.3 | 6.6 | 8.1 | 7.0 | |
| Paid work | 57.8 | 11.0 | 13.1 | 18.1 | |
| Family structure | 0.10 | ||||
| Lives with parents | 73.1 | 9.1 | 7.1 | 10.7 | |
| Lives alone, with partner or others | 56.0 | 9.3 | 17.0 | 17.8 | |
| Primary earner | 0.37 | ||||
| Self | 53.3 | 11.4 | 13.4 | 21.9 | |
| Someone else | 69.1 | 8.8 | 10.5 | 11.7 | |
| Social support | 0.02 | ||||
| High | 71.3 | 9.5 | 9.7 | 9.5 | |
| Low | 45.0 | 8.0 | 16.8 | 30.2 | |
| Personal control to leave household | 0.37 | ||||
| None or very little | 65.1 | 16.5 | 7.6 | 10.8 | |
| Some or a fair amount | 69.9 | 3.4 | 10.1 | 16.7 | |
| Full control | 62.2 | 11.5 | 14.9 | 11.4 | |
| Partner dyad | |||||
| Living with partner | 0.32 | ||||
| No | 67.3 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 14.6 | |
| Yes | 61.6 | 9.0 | 20.3 | 9.2 | |
| Age difference with current partner | 0.02 | ||||
| <4 years difference | 73.3 | 8.6 | 9.4 | 8.7 | |
| >4 years difference | 49.9 | 10.5 | 14.9 | 24.7 | |
| Past 12-month transactional relationship | 0.02 | ||||
| No | 60.2 | 3.9 | 10.0 | 25.9 | |
| Yes | 69.4 | 12.0 | 11.6 | 7.1 | |
| Fear in relationship in 2019 | 0.06 | ||||
| No | 75.7 | 4.6 | 6.9 | 12.8 | |
| Yes | 55.8 | 14.1 | 15.4 | 14.7 | |
| Fear in relationship in 2020 | 0.44 | ||||
| No | 70.9 | 8.6 | 11.4 | 9.1 | |
| Yes | 60.4 | 9.2 | 11.5 | 18.9 | |
| Changes relative to start of COVID-19 restrictions | |||||
| Change in ability to meet basic needs | 0.07 | ||||
| Able to meet basic needs | 72.6 | 10.1 | 12.1 | 5.2 | |
| Not able to meet basic needs | 61.4 | 8.5 | 10.2 | 19.8 | |
| Change in amount of time at home | 0.13 | ||||
| Home less/unchanged | 61.0 | 7.2 | 26.9 | 4.9 | |
| Home more | 66.9 | 9.5 | 8.9 | 14.8 | |
| Change in personal control to leave house | 0.64 | ||||
| Less control | 67.5 | 7.9 | 10.2 | 14.6 | |
| Unchanged | 64.7 | 8.6 | 5.8 | 21.0 | |
| More control | 66.2 | 10.4 | 14.4 | 9.0 | |
| Change in amount of time with partner since COVID-19 | 0.17 | ||||
| Less time/unchanged | 70.9 | 6.8 | 12.5 | 9.2 | |
| More time | 58.6 | 12.8 | 9.5 | 19.1 | |
| Change in economic reliance on others | 0.22 | ||||
| More reliant | 71.2 | 7.0 | 11.7 | 10.1 | |
| Not more reliant | 57.9 | 12.9 | 9.9 | 19.4 | |
*P value from design-based F-statistic; boldface indicates statistical significance at p<0.05.
†Restricted to AGYW who were partnered at all three rounds.
AGYW, adolescent girls and young women; BD, put all three references here for the data; IPV, intimate partner violence; SES, socioeconomic status.