Study | Reported outcome | ||||||
Measurement tool | Indicator | Before lockdown (mean (SD)) | During lockdown (mean (SD)) | During lockdown (vs before lockdown) | P value | ||
Aguilar-Farias et al, 2020, Chile39 | Adapted from the questions included in the International Study of Movement Behaviours in the Early Years (SUNRISE), pilot-tested | Mean time spent on PA (hours/day) | 3.60 (1.97) | 2.82 (2.15) | <0.001 | ||
Alonso-Martínez et al, 2021, Spain40 | Wrist-worn GENEActiv tri-axial accelerometer | Total PA (minutes/day) | 346.9 (54.6) | 303.6 (76.5) | 0.002 | ||
Bingham et al, 2021, UK41 | Before lockdown: Physical activity questionnaire for children (PAQ-C) During lockdown: Modified version of the Youth Activity Profile (YAP) | % Being sufficiently active | 69.4% | 28.7% | <0.001 | ||
Bronikowska et al, 2021, Poland42 | Physical Activity Screening Measure | Group not meeting the WHO’s MVPA recommendations before lockdown % Maintaining the same insufficient level of PA during lockdown | 86.6% | 0.04 | |||
Group meeting the WHO’s MVPA recommendations before lockdown % Significantly decreasing their level of MVPA below the recommendations during lockdown | 50.0% | 0.01 | |||||
Brzek et al, 2021, Poland43 | Questionnaire related to PA, and it changes during the COVID-19 restrictions | % Physically active | 81.1% | 67.2% | <0.001 | ||
Cacioppo et al, 2020, France85 | Questionnaire developed by a national multidisciplinary group experienced in disability care, pilot-tested | % WHO practised PA during lockdown | 56.0% | ||||
Carrillo-Diaz et al, 2021, Spain87 | Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF) | Physical activity (total minutes of leisure METs per week) | 856.6 (343.5) | 332.8 (91.6) | <0.01 | ||
Censi et al, 2021, Italy44 | Eating Behaviours Physical Activity and Lifestyle-COVID-19 (EBPAL-COVID-19) questionnaire | % Who stopped their habitual PA during lockdown | 78.1% | <0.001 | |||
Chaffee et al, 2021, USA45 | PA assessed by asking ‘How many days (0–7) in the past 7 days, did you exercise or were physically active for at least 20 min that made you sweat or breathe hard?’ | % Being physically active for five or more days in the past week | |||||
6 month follow-up before lockdown (baseline vs 6 month follow-up) | From 53.7% to 52.9% | 0.82 | |||||
6 month follow-up during lockdown (baseline vs 6 month follow-up) | From 54.0% to 38.1% | <0.001 | |||||
Chambonniere et al, 2021, France46 | Questionnaires developed based on the IPAQ and ONAPS-Q questionnaires in adults and Youth Risk Behaviour Surveillance System (YRBSS) investigation in children and adolescents | % Reporting decreased PA from before to during lockdown | Children | 42.0% | |||
Adolescents | 58.7% | ||||||
Cheng et al, 2021, Malaysia88 | Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C) and the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-A) adapted from Crocker et al and Kowalski et al | Physical Activity Questionnaire Score (range: 1–5, higher score indicates a higher level of PA) | Type 1 Diabetes, Male | 2.08 (0.70) | 1.77 (0.55) | <0.001 | |
Type 1 Diabetes, Female | 2.00 (0.38) | 1.89 (0.47) | <0.001 | ||||
Type 2 Diabetes, Male | 1.91 (0.56) | 1.59 (0.41) | 0.066 | ||||
Type 2 Diabetes, Female | 1.79 (0.41) | 1.62 (0.40) | 0.063 | ||||
Clarke et al, 2021, UK47 | Topic guide for in-depth interviews to get insights into the perceived impact of lockdown restrictions on preschool children’s PA, sedentary behaviour, food intake, and sleep | Children’s PA | Most parents reported a reduction | ||||
Di Giorgio et al, 2021, Italy89 | PA assessed by the question ‘s your child involved in sports activities?’ | % Involved in sport activities | 66.0% | 11.0% | <0.001 | ||
Esentürk, 2020, Turkey90 | Interview form prepared based on relevant literature and validated through opinions from experts | Barriers to PA | Parents reported barriers for PA | ||||
Eyler et al, 2021, USA48 | Questions from an existing scale of child PAy practices (HomeSTEAD’s PA and screen media practices and beliefs survey) | % Reporting decreased PA from before to during lockdown | 63.7% | ||||
Eyler et al, 2021, USA62 | Interview guide to assess parents’ perceptions of their child’s PA and screen time during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders (pilot-tested) | Parents’ perception about change in their children’s PA from before to during lockdown | Remained the same or increased | ||||
Garcia et al, 2021, USA91 | Adapted from the National Survey of Children’s Health | Days per week of 60+ min of PA | 4.17 (1.52) | 2.27 (2.22) | <0.001 | ||
Guo et al, 2021, China49 | Change in PA assessed with the question, ‘Compare with the 3 months before the outbreak of COVID-19, is there any difference in the time you (or your child) spend on daily physical activity?’ | % Reporting decreased PA from before to during lockdown | 58.7% | ||||
Kołota and Głąbska, 2021, Poland63 | Short-Form Survey Instruments for Children’s Diet, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour | % Physically active for ≥3 days/week | 59.4% | 62.4% | 0.112 | ||
Lim et al, 2020, Singapore50 | Questionnaire which included information on physical exercise | Time spent on physical exercise (hours/day) | 1.13 (0.60) | 0.91 (0.73) | |||
López-Bueno et al, 2020, Spain3 | PA assessed with the question, ‘How many minutes of physical activity does your child usually perform weekly?’ | PA (minutes/week) | 198.6 (180.9) | 96.1 (123.0) | <0.001 | ||
Łuszczki et al, 2021, Poland51 | PA assessed with the question, ‘Over the last week, how many days have you performed 60 min or more of PA that increased your breathing rate?’ | Days with 60 min or longer PA | 3.89 (1.89) | 3.30 (2.07) | <0.001 | ||
Masi et al, 2021, Australia92 | Questionnaire developed by the investigators and pilot tested with clinicians, researchers, and a small group of parents | % Reporting decrease in children’s exercise | 68.0% | ||||
Medrano et al, 2021, Spain52 | ‘The Youth Activity Profile’ questionnaire (YAP) | PA (minutes/day) | 150.0 (40.0) | 63.0 (39.0) | <0.001 | ||
Minuto et al, 2021, Italy93 | Not reported | Sports (hours/week) | Age ≥6 years <10 years | 4.36 (0.94) | 0.14 (0.38) | 0.02 | |
Age ≥10 years <14 years | 6.01 (4.06) | 1.82 (2.32) | <0.001 | ||||
Age ≥14 years <18 years | 5.14 (4.20) | 2.72 (3.40) | <0.001 | ||||
Mitra et al, 2020, Canada53 | Secondary data (parents reported time spent on various movement behaviours) | % With decreased outdoor activities during lockdown compared with before the lockdown | 56.0% | ||||
Moore et al, 2020, Canada27 | Secondary data (change in child’s movement and play behaviours), test–retest (1 week) reliability assessed | Change in PA or sport outside from before to during lockdown (range: 1–5, 3=no change) | Children: 2.28 (1.22) | ||||
Youth: 1.96 (1.13) | |||||||
Morgül et al, 2020, UK54 | Family daily routines and children’s emotional and behavioural symptoms questionnaire developed by Orgilés et al | % Engaging in at least 60 min of PA per day | 67.3% | 51.1% | |||
Munasinghe et al, 2020, Australia55 | PACE+Adolescent Physical Activity Measures (baseline) Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) (follow-up) | Physically active for≥60 min per day (OR) | 1.00 | 0.53 (0.34, 0.83) | |||
Nathan et al, 2021, Australia20 | Questionnaire adapted from the Healthy Active Preschool Years Study | Total PA (minutes/week) | 809.7 (584.4) | 835.4 (642.4) | 0.647 | ||
Ng et al, 2020, Ireland9 | PACE+instrument (validated against accelerometers) | % Having less PA during lockdown compared with before the lockdown | 49.7% | ||||
Okely et al, 2021, Multi-country26 | Questionnaire developed by the researchers based on the recommendations for each behaviour guideline, tested and refined as part of SUNRISE pilot study | Time spent in total PA (minutes/day) | 200.7 (5.0) | 217.8 (4.8) | 25.1(−31.7, 81.9)* | 0.361* | |
Pietrobelli et al, 2020, Italy94 | Questionnaire which included questions on sports activity participation (during lockdown any PA was considered as sports) | Sports (hours/week) | 3.60 (4.25) | 1.29 (1.44) | 0.003 | ||
Pombo et al, 2021, Portugal56 | Questionnaire developed by the researchers, questions validated by child development experts, and pilot tested | % Spending less time (less and much less) on PA during lockdown compared with before the lockdown | 72.3% | ||||
Ruíz-Roso et al, 2020, Multi-country57 | International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) | % Physically active | 27.0% | 20.5% | |||
Sá et al, 2021, Brazil58 | Questionnaire created by the research team, elaborated by experts in the field and tested | % Spending less or much less time on PA | 83.0% | ||||
Schmidt et al, 2020, Germany19 | The MoMo PA questionnaire | PA guideline adherence (%) | 19.1% | 30.2% | <0.01 | ||
Sciberras et al, 2020, Australia95 | CoRonavIruS Health Impact Survey | Regular exercise (OR) | 1.00 | 0.40 (0.30, 0.60) | |||
ten Velde et al, 2021, Netherlands64 | Cohort A: BAECKE questionnaire (validated) | Total PA (score, range 1–15) | Cohort A: 9.29 (1.03) | Cohort A: 8.94 (1.07) | Cohort A:<0.01 | ||
Cohort B: BAECKE questionnaire (validated) | Cohort B: 9.03 (1.22) | Cohort B: 8.89 (1.30) | Cohort B: 0.16 | ||||
Cohort B: Accelerometer (n=64) | Light PA (minutes/day) | 252.0 (34.0) | 218.0 (39.0) | <0.01 | |||
Moderate-to-vigorous PA (minutes/day) | 65.0 (18.0) | 48.0 (18.0) | <0.01 | ||||
Tornaghi et al, 2020, Italy65 | IPAQ (Italian language) | PA level (MET-minutes/week) | No significant change | ||||
Tulchin-Francis et al, 2021, USA59 | Modified Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire | mGodin-Leisure Time Score Index Score (range: 0–119, higher scores indicate more PA) | 56.60 | 44.60 | <0.001 | ||
Yang et al, 2020, China66 | IPAQ-long form | Moderate to vigorous PA (median hours/day) | 1.50 | 1.50 | |||
Zenic et al, 2020, Croatia60 | PA Questionnaire for Adolescents | PA level (range 0–5) | 2.97 (0.61) | 2.63 (0.68) | <0.01 | ||
Zengin et al, 2021, Turkey61 | Questionnaire prepared by the researchers and reviewed by specialists | % Reporting that they could play limited games at home during lockdown | 57.9% |
*Adjusted.
MET, metabolic equivalent; PA, physical activity.