Study | Study design | Study population | Sample size | Mean age | Female (%) | Description of lockdown | Classification of lockdown | Outcomes of interest assessed |
Adibelli and Sümen, 2020, Turkey84 | Cross-sectional | Children aged 7–13 years | 597 | 9.87 years (1.99) | 55.8% | Implemented lockdown, suspended formal education and practised distance education | Strict lockdown | Sleep quality |
Aguilar-Farias et al, 2020, Chile39 | Cross-sectional | Children aged 1–5 years | 3157 | 3.10 years (1.38) | 49.4% | All schools closed, work-from-home strategies, all national parks closed, lockdowns and curfews in some districts | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time, sleep duration, sleep quality |
Alonso-Martínez et al, 2021, Spain40 | Cohort (Prospective) | Preschoolers aged 4–6 years from schools | 21 | Not reported | 42.9% | Mandatory home lockdown; closure of non-essential businesses and schools | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, sleep duration, sleep quality |
AMHSI, 2020, Multicountry70 | Cohort (Prospective) | Healthy volunteers with stay at home for 14 days or more aged 15–18 (subgroup) | 3078 | Not reported | 43.5% | Stay-at-home for 14 days or more | Strict lockdown | Sleep duration |
Araby et al, 2021, Egypt80 | Cross-sectional | School children aged 6–14 years | 1507 | Not reported | 40.9% | Total lockdown measures | Strict lockdown | Sleep quality |
Bingham et al, 2021, UK41 | Cohort (Prospective) | Children aged 9–13 years | 643 | 9.10 years (1.10) | 49.4% | Extreme restrictions on movement, people not allowed to leave their residence except for reasonable excuses such as buying food and medical supplies, people could also go out for a short exercise (60 min) daily, all playgrounds and indoor and outdoor play facilities closed, schools closed for most children except for vulnerable children and children of key workers | Strict lockdown | Physical activity |
Bronikowska et al, 2021, Poland42 | Cohort (Prospective) | Adolescent Polish youths | 127 | 15.40 years (0.50) | 52.0% | From 1 to 20 April, children below 18 years were not allowed to leave their home without their guardians, later they could go out maintaining 2 m distance and covering their mouth and nose, sports facilities were closed until 4 May | Strict lockdown | Physical activity |
Brzek et al, 2021, Poland43 | Cohort (Prospective) | Children aged 3–5 years | 1316 | Not reported | 55.6% | School closure, ban on public gatherings, | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time, sleep duration |
Cacioppo et al, 2020, France85 | Cross-sectional | Children with physical disabilities aged 0–18 years | 1000 | 9.50 years (4.80) | 46.0% | Lockdown in France from 17 March 2020 to 11 May 2020 | Unclear | Physical activity, sleep quality |
Çakıroğlu et al, 2021, Turkey105 | Cross-sectional (Repeated) | Children and adolescents aged 10–18 years | Before: 581 During: 410 | Not reported | Before: 43.9% During: 56.3% | Temporary closure of all educational institutions, sports centres, cultural venues, and entertainment centres; curfew imposed for children below 20 years as of 4 April 2020; work from home policies enacted by many private and public institutions, including schools | Very strict lockdown | Screen time (digital gaming) |
Cardy et al, 2021, Canada86 | Cross-sectional | Canadian children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) aged 19 years and younger | ASD: 127 | ASD: 11.70 years (4.06) | ASD: 78.0% | School closure, prolonged exposure to the pandemic response (2- to 3-months) | Unclear | Screen time |
Carrillo-Diaz et al, 2021, Spain87 | Cross-sectional (for physical activity and media use) | Adolescents aged 11–17 years who attended appointments at private clinics (dental wear) | 213 | 14.00 years (1.90) | 54.5% | Obligatory total lockdown from 16 March to 4 May | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, media use |
Censi et al, 2021, Italy44 | Cross-sectional | Italian children aged 2–11 years | 1027 | Not reported | 46.0% | Rigorous isolation measures and confinement at home enforced by the Italian government through the decree from the second week of March 2020 until 18 May | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time |
Cellini et al, 2021, Italy71 | Cross-sectional | Children 6–10 years | 299 | 7.96 years (1.36) | 46.5% | National lockdown; all schools and nonessential businesses closed; people not allowed to leave their homes unless for an essential reason, remote work | Strict lockdown | Sleep duration, bedtime, rise time, sleep quality |
Cerasuolo et al, 2021, Italy77 | Cross-sectional | Italian toddlers (0–3 years) and preschoolers (4–5 years) | 112 (Toddlers = 61, Preschoolers = 51) | 3.09 years (1.88) | 41.7% | Nationwide lockdown with severe control measures such as home confinement, movement restrictions, smart remote working, and temporary closure of non-essential businesses and schools; people allowed to leave their residence only for demonstrated necessities, such as health issues, basic needs and work | Strict lockdown | Bedtime, rise time, sleep quality |
Chaffee et al, 2021, USA45 | Cohort (Prospective) | Students in grades 9 or 10 | Baseline: 1423 Follow-up: 1006 | Not reported | Follow up: 62.0% | Statewide stay-at-home order in California declared on March 19, 2020 | Strict lockdown | Physical activity |
Chakraborty et al, 2021, India69 | Cross-sectional | Children and adolescents aged 3–15 years | 645 | 8.30 years (3.50) | 48.4% | Nationwide lockdown from 25 March 2020, initially for 21 days and extended many times with some relaxations; during the lockdown, all schools, shopping malls, local markets, workplaces and public transports completely shut down except for emergency services such as hospitals, petrol pumps, groceries, etc. | Strict lockdown | Screen time (Media use) |
Chambonniere et al, 2021, France46 | Cross-sectional | French children and adolescents aged 6–17 years | 6491 | Not reported | 57.6% | National lockdown from 14 March 2020, for 55 days, complete closure of all primary and secondary schools shifting all the teaching activities to virtual mode | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time |
Cheng et al, 2021, Malaysia88 | Cross-sectional | Children and adolescents with type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) aged less than 18 years | 123 (T1DM = 93, T2DM =3 0) | T1DM: 11.08 years (3.47) T2DM: 13.81 years (2.03) | Total: 56.1% T1DM: 52.7% T2DM: 66.7% | 18 March 2020 to 3 May 2020: Total nationwide lockdown (known as Movement Control Order) forcing the closure of schools and all non-essential businesses and restricting outdoor sports, leisure activities, and travel between states and districts; followed by partial lockdown with the gradual lifting of restrictions in phases (4 May to 9 June: Conditional Movement Control Order and 10 June 2020 to 31 March 2021: Recovery Movement Control); travel restriction and schools closure remained throughout | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time, sleep duration |
Clarke et al, 2021, UK47 | Qualitative | Preschool aged children (3–5 years) | 20 parents | Not reported | 16 mothers, 4 fathers | ‘Stay at home’ order allowing people to leave the house only to buy essential supplies, attend medical appointments, or exercise once a day; schools and nurseries closed except for vulnerable or ‘keyworker’ children; non-essential businesses closed | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time, sleep quality |
DiGiorgio et al, 2020, Italy78 | Cross-sectional | Children aged 2–5 years | 245 | 4.00 years | 43.7% | National lockdown; temporary closure of schools and non-essential businesses, movement restriction, work from home | Strict lockdown | Bedtime, wake time, sleep quality |
Di Giorgio et al, 2021, Italy89 | Cross-sectional | Children with Fragile X-Syndrome, aged 2–16 years | 53 | 9.71 years (4.14) | 15.1% | Total lockdown: home confinement, movement restriction, smart remote work and temporary closure of non-essential businesses and schools | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, sleep duration, sleep quality |
Dondi et al, 2021, Italy81 | Cross-sectional | Children aged ≤18 years, including children with disabilities, ASD, chronic diseases and specific learning disabilities | 6210 | Not reported | Not reported | Total lockdown from 11 March 2020 to 18 May 2020, during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic | Strict lockdown | Sleep quality |
Esentürk, 2020, Turkey90 | Qualitative | Children with ASD aged 9–16 years | 10 | 12.10 years | 50.0% | Reduction of public transport, closure of all schools, cancellation of arts and sports events, mandatory quarantine for the people who traveled from abroad, closure of public places such as cafes/cinemas/the mall, curfews for the citizens over 65, under 20 and those with chronic illnesses | Very strict lockdown | Physical activity |
Eyler et al, 2021, USA62 | Qualitative | Parents of children aged 5–12 years | In 16 interviews, 16 parents reported on 23 children | Not reported | 56.5% (Children) | COVID-19 stay-at-home orders | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time |
Eyler et al, 2021, USA48 | Cross-sectional | Children aged 5–12 years | 245 | 8.10 years | 48.6% | Compulsory stay-at-home orders issued by 42 states and territories from 1 March 2020 to 31 May 2020; school closure; physical education and after-school sports programmes halted or limited to virtual options; other extracurricular, community-based opportunities for physical activity halted; outdoor spaces such as parks and playgrounds also closed | Strict lockdown | Physical activity |
Garcia et al, 2021, USA91 | Cohort (Prospective) | Adolescents with ASD aged 14–19 years | 9 | 16.87 years (1.36) | 11.1% | Most people in the US forced to remain in quarantine for several weeks to months, resulting in a complete disruption of daily routines for most school-aged children and adolescents | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time, sleep duration |
Guo et al, 2021, China49 | Cross-sectional | Chinese students in primary, secondary and high schools | 10 461 | Not reported | 49.9% | Home confinement, school closures, social distance measures, restriction on group activities, team sports or playgrounds, home confinement | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time, sleep duration |
Kaditis et al, 2021, Multi-country75 | Cross-sectional | Children aged less than 18 years | 845 | Not reported | 45.8% | Governments and local authorities urged their citizens to remain at home, implementation of strict social distancing rules, closure of enterprises and schools | Strict lockdown | Bedtime, wake time, sleep duration |
Kahn and Gradisar, 2021, USA72 | Cohort (Prospective) | Infants 6–18 months old | 610 (2019 Cohort: 293, 2020 COVID-19 Cohort: 317) | 2019: 11.8 months (3.5) 2020: 11.9 months (3.7) | 2019: 51.5% 2020: 49.8% | Stay-at-home orders imposed in the USA (Los Angeles and San Francisco: 19 March, Chicago: 21 March, New York: 22 March, and Dallas and Houston: 2 April) | Strict lockdown | Nighttime sleep duration, morning rise time |
Kołota and Glabska, 2021, Poland63 | Cross-sectional | Adolescents aged 10–16 years | 1334 | Not reported | 53.3% | Primary schools closed, and lessons shifted to online mode since 12 March 2020 and was continuing at the time of the survey (June 2020), during that period, people were advised to limit personal contact and not leave their homes until necessary, wearing a face mask in public places made mandatory on 16 April 2020 | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time |
Lavigne-Cerván et al, 2021, Spain82 | Cross-sectional | Children and adolescents aged from 6–18 years | 1028 | 10.34 years (3.64) | 46.6% | State of alarm declared; educational institutions and many workplaces closed; entire population forced to stay indoors | Strict lockdown | Sleep quality |
Li et al, 2021, China73 | Cohort (Perspective) | Teenagers aged 14–19 years | 1020 | 15.87 years (0.74) | 58.9% | Social isolation policy, people forced to remain homebound, national school closures and study online for nearly three months | Strict lockdown | Sleep duration, sleep quality |
Lim et al, 2020, Singapore50 | Cross-sectional | Children aged between 3 and 16 years | 593 | Median: 8.00 years, IQR: 6.00–11.00) | Not reported | National lockdown (called ‘Circuit Breaker’)- closure of all non-essential services and workplaces, including schools, stores, and recreational facilities; online learning | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time, sleep duration, bedtime, wake time, sleep quality |
Liu et al, 2020, China74 | Cross-sectional (Repeated) | Preschoolers aged 4–6 years | Before COVID-19: 1619 During COVID-19: 436 | Before COVID-19: 5.03 years During COVID-19: 5.01 years | Before COVID-19: 49.5% During COVID-19: 51.1% | Nationwide school closure; all citizens, including children required to stay indoors | Strict lockdown | Sleep duration, bedtime, wake time, sleep quality |
Lokhandwala et al, 2021, USA76 | Cohort (Perspective) | Children aged 36–70 months | 16 | 56.4 months (10.8) | 18.8% | Shutdown of schools and non-essential businesses as part of the state of Massachusetts’s stay-at-home advisory | Strict lockdown | Sleep duration, wake-up time |
López-Bueno et al, 2020, Spain3 | Cross-sectional | Children and adolescents aged 3–16 years | 860 | 9.60 years (3.90) | 49.2% | Strict confinement (minors not allowed to go out except for medical reasons, those aged 15 and over could go out once a day for shopping or taking a dog for a short walk, maintaining a social distance of 1.5 m | Very strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time, sleep duration |
Luijten et al, 2021, Netherlands83 | Cross-sectional (Repeated) | Dutch children and adolescents aged 8–18 years | Before lockdown: 2401 During lockdown: 844 | Before lockdown: 13.10 (3.14) During lockdown: 13.40 (2.80) | Before lockdown: 49.7% During lockdown: 52.6% | 12 March 2020—people asked to stay inside and work from home as much as possible and to follow social distancing (1.5 m), all large events canceled; partial lockdown implemented on March 15— closure of all schools and child care facilities (except for children of essential care workers), as well as sports and leisure facilities, bars, and restaurants; children still allowed to play outside; May 11—primary schools partially reopened, and on June 2 secondary schools followed | Strict lockdown | Sleep quality |
Łuszczki et al, 2021, Poland51 | Cross-sectional (Repeated) | Polish children and adolescents aged 6–15 years | 1016 (Before lockdown: 376 During lockdown: 641) | Before: 10.51 years (2.13) During: 10.79 years (2.02) | Before lockdown: 50.3% During lockdown: 51.9% | March 10–12: cancellation of mass events and closure of all educational institutions and offices; measures further tightened on 25 March, limiting religious gatherings and forbidding non-essential travel | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, media use, sleep duration and quality |
Masi et al, 2021, Australia92 | Cross-sectional | Children with neurodevelopmental disability aged 2 to 17 years | 302 | 9.70 years | 33.1% | At the time of the study, state governments had started easing restrictions, with further easing imminent in most states | Mild lockdown | Physical activity, media use, sleep quality |
Medrano et al, 2021, Spain52 | Cohort (Prospective) | Schoolers aged 8 to 16 years | Before lockdown: 291 During lockdown: 113 | Before lockdown: 12.10 years (2.90) During lockdown: 12.00 years (2.60) | Before lockdown: 47.8% During lockdown: 48.7% | One of the strictest alarm state, schools closed, mandatory home confinement for children | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time, sleep duration |
Minuto et al, 2021, Italy93 | Cohort (Retrospective) | Young T1D patients aged 6–39 years (outcomes available for sub-groups) | Total: 202 6–18 years: 107 | Total: 18.30 years (6.43) | Total: 47.0% | Started with the first emergency measures such as suspension of schools, sports activities, and meetings, followed by a national quarantine from March 9, 2020, restricting movement except for necessity | Strict lockdown | Physical activity |
Mitra et al, 2020, Canada53 | Cross-sectional | Children and youth aged 5–17 years | 1472 (5–11 years: 693, 12-17 years:779) | Children: 8.12 years (2.04) Youth: 14.85 years (1.68) | 47.0% | Physical distancing rules (two or more meters), social gatherings prohibited, team sports canceled, playgrounds and parks closed, most public schools closed | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time, sleep duration, sleep quality |
Monteiro et al, 2021, Portugal106 | Cross-sectional | Children aged 6 months to 6 years and 12 months | 193 | 42.9 months (20.6) | 44.0% | Schools closed and shifted to online learning; outings limited to essential activities such as buying food, going to the pharmacy, and running and bike riding for a short distance when sone alone; children allowed to play outdoor for short periods | Strict lockdown | Screen time |
Moore et al, 2020, Canada27 | Cross-sectional | Children and youth aged 5-17 years | 1472 (5-11 years: 53%, 12-17 years: 47%) | Children: 8.12 years (2.04) Youth: 14.85 years (1.68) | 47.0% | Physical distancing rules (two or more meters); limited community and social gatherings, sport, and playground and park use; most schools closed, and classroom lessons replaced by homeschooling and online learning | Moderate lockdown | Physical activity, screen time, sleep duration, sleep quality |
Morgül et al, 2020, UK54 | Cross-sectional | Children aged 5 to 11 years | 927 | 7.45 years (2.04) | 45.5% | Lockdown started on 23rd March, 2020; nationwide school closure except for children of key workers | Moderate lockdown | Physical activity, screen time, sleep duration |
Munasinghe et al, 2020, Australia55 | Cohort (Prospective) | Young people aged 13-19 years | 582 | Median: 17.00 years (Interquartile range: 16.00-18.00) | 79.9% | Physical distancing policies implemented, people requested to stay at their homes wherever possible and limit their travel to obtain essential goods and services; school closures | Mild lockdown | Physical activity, screen time, sleep duration |
Nathan et al, 2021, Australia20 | Cross-sectional | Children aged 5 to 9 years from Western Australia | 157 | 6.90 years (1.70) | 45.9% | State of emergency declared; indoor sporting facilities and playgrounds closed; people told to stay at home except for buying food and necessities, seeking medical care, work, study, and exercise complying with public gathering requirements | Mild lockdown | Physical activity, screen time, sleep duration |
Ng et al, 2020, Ireland9 | Cross-sectional | Irish adolescents aged 12-18 years | 1214 | Not reported | 72.0% | Social distancing rules, closure of schools, online schooling from home, club training canceled, going outdoors not allowed apart from one walk a day | Strict lockdown | Physical activity |
Oflu et al, 2021, Turkey107 | Cross-sectional | Healthy children aged 3–10 years applying to the pediatrics clinics for outpatient care | 253 | 6.30 years (1.40) | 47.0% | Schools and nurseries closed; curfew implemented for those under the age of 20 | Very strict lockdown | Screen time |
Okely et al, 2021, Multi-country26 | Cohort (Prospective) | Children aged 3 and 4 years | 948 | Before COVID-19: 4.40 years (0.60) During COVID-19: 5.20 years (0.60) | 49.0% | 41% of the participants faced high (Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) services closed, people not allowed to go out in public to exercise), 46% moderate (ECECs closed, advised to limit time outside), and 13% low levels of restrictions (pre-schools open or available to children of essential workers, allowed to go out in public for exercise). | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time, sleep duration and quality |
Ozturk Eyimaya and Yalçin Irmak, 2021, Turkey68 | Cross-sectional | Children studying in grades 1-8, aged 6-13 years | 1115 | 9.03 years (1.95) | 53.4% | All schools closed and shifted to remote education, temporary lockdown on children and young people under the age of 20 | Very strict lockdown | Screen time |
Pietrobelli et al, 2020, Italy94 | Cohort (Prospective) | Children and adolescents with obesity aged 6-18 years | 41 | 13.00 years (3.10) | 46.3% | Three weeks’ national lockdown, mandatory home confinement | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time, sleep duration |
Pombo et al, 2021, Portugal56 | Cross-sectional | Children aged 13 years | 2159 | Not reported | 48.3% | March 16: Nationwide closure of schools, companies, and non-essential public services; March 18: state of emergency declared – movement restrictions on the entire population, all non-essential businesses closed except supermarkets, pharmacies, and gas stations, and only take-aways allowed from restaurants | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time |
Ramos Socarras et al, 2021, Canada79 | Cross-sectional | Adolescents and young adults aged 12 to 25 years (outcomes available for sub-groups) | Total 498 (12-14 years: 108, 15-17 years: 141) | Total sample: 18.17 years (3.72) | 76.3% (12-14 years: 74.6%, 15-17 years: 79.8%) | March 13, 2020: state of emergency and the lockdown declared with severe restrictions in the first month, including the closure of schools, public places (casinos, gyms, bars, public pools, arenas, ski centres, theaters, etc), and non-essential businesses such as restaurants, daycare, shopping centres, hair salon, and prohibition of gatherings and travel between different regions; restrictions made more flexible from the beginning of May 2020 | Strict lockdown | Sleep duration, sleep quality |
Ruíz-Roso et al, 2020, Multi-country57 | Cross-sectional | Adolescents aged 10 years to 19 years and 11 months | 726 | Not reported | 59.6% | Lockdown in Italy, Spain, Colombia, and Brazil; no national lockdown in Chile, but mandatory quarantine in some communities | Strict lockdown | Physical activity |
Sá et al, 2021, Brazil58 | Cross-sectional | Children aged less than 13 years | 816 | Not reported | 49.4% | Social isolation, face-to-face school activity fully suspended, long period of movement restriction without any organised physical activity or possibility to play outdoors | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time, sleep duration |
Saxena et al, 2021, India108 | Cohort (Prospective) | School children aged 9-14 years | 1237 | Baseline: 11.88 years (1.01) | 40.9% | School closure | Unclear | Screen time |
Schmidt et al, 2020, Germany19 | Cohort (Prospective) | 4-to 17-year-olds | 1711 | Before lockdown: 10.36 years (4.04) During lockdown: 11.34 years (4.06) | 49.8% | Schools, sports clubs, gyms, and recreational facilities closed; physical distancing measures implemented; playing outdoors allowed if done alone or with family members | Moderate lockdown | Physical activity, screen time |
Sciberras et al, 2020, Australia95 | Cross-sectional | Children with ADHD aged 5-17 years | 213 | 10.59 years (3.10) | 23.6% | Citizens required to stay at home except for essential reasons | Moderate lockdown | Physical activity, screen time |
Serra, 2021, Italy67 | Cohort (Perspective) | Italian children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years | 184 | 14.84 years (2.73) | 71.7% | During the second wave of the pandemic, the country divided into red, orange, and yellow zones based on the scenario of epidemiological risk; in areas with increased risk of COVID-19 spread, people’s movement and economic and social activities more limited; intermittent school lessons in physical presence for children of infant schools, primary schools and some lower secondary schools and only online lessons for other lower secondary school children and high school adolescents | Moderate lockdown | Screen time |
ten Velde et al, 2021, Netherlands64 | Cohort (Retrospective) | Cohort A: children aged 4 to 18 years | Cohort A: 102 | 10.50 years (3.60) | 57.6% | Nationwide shutdown of schools, sports clubs, bars, and restaurants | Strict lockdown | Physical activity, screen time |
Cohort B: primary school children (7-12 years) | Cohort B: 131 | 10.20 years (0.90) | 56.5% | |||||
Tornaghi et al, 2020, Italy65 | Cross-sectional | Italian youngsters aged 15-18 years from North-western Lombardy high schools | 1259 (Before and during lockdown) | Not reported | 76.9% | Initially limited and then suspended nonessential movement, except activities practised within a 200 m home-block area maintaining a distance of at least 1 m | Strict lockdown | Physical activity |
Tso et al, 2020, Hong Kong109 | Cross-sectional | Children aged 2-12 years | 29202 | 6.50 years (2.84) | 48.6% | All schools closed | Unclear | Screen time |
Tulchin-Francis et al, 2021, USA59 | Cross-sectional | Children aged 3 to 18 years | 1310 | Not reported | 51.3% | government-mandated activity restriction, including social distancing and stay-at-home orders | Strict lockdown | Physical activity |
Türkoğlu et al, 2020, Turkey96 | Cross-sectional | Children and adolescents aged 4-17 years diagnosed with ASD | 46 | 7.89 years | 17.4% | Schools closed, individuals <20 under home confinement | Very strict lockdown | Sleep quality |
Werling et al, 2021, Switzerland97 | Cross-sectional | Patients referred for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder aged 10 to 18 years | 126 | Not reported | 25.4% | March 16, 2020: complete lockdown resulting in school closure and homeschooling; first easing of restrictions starting from April 26 with first schools reopened on May 11 and most students returned to classes in June 2020, at least part-time | Moderate lockdown | Screen time |
Werling et al, 2021, Switzerland98 | Cross-sectional | Children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders aged 10 to 18 years | 477 | 13.96 years (2.29) | 41.9% | March 16, 2020: complete lockdown resulting in school closure and homeschooling; schools gradually reopened after May 11, 2020, but many students did not return to onsite class before the second week of June, often with reduced onsite hours, and in some cases, not at all before the summer vacation | Moderate lockdown | Screen time |
Yang et al, 2020, China66 | Cross-sectional | High school students (sub-group) | 2824 (High school students) | 17.50 years (1.20) | 76.0% | COVID-19 lockdown from 24 January to 23 February | Unclear | Physical activity, screen time, sleep duration |
Zenic et al, 2020, Croatia60 | Cohort (Prospective) | Adolescents attending high school | 823 | 16.50 years (2.10) | Not reported | Schools closed; extensive social distancing measures implemented, including a ban on public gatherings and closure of nonessential services such as restaurants, shopping centres, sports and recreational facilities, and places of worship | Strict lockdown | Physical activity |
Zengin et al, 2021, Turkey61 | Cross-sectional | Children aged 9 to 12 years attending primary schools | 309 | 10.30 years (1.20) | 47.9% | Complete closure of schools (distance learning) and a partial or full-time curfew for children under the age of 20 | Very strict lockdown | Physical activity, sleep duration and quality |
ADHD, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ASD, Autism spectrum disorder.