Mean and SD for WHODAS 2.0 domain and total scores by direct and indirect maternal morbidity statuses among postpartum women in Northwest Ethiopia, 2021
| WHODAS 2.0 domains | 6th week postpartum | 12th week postpartum | ||||||
| Any direct morbidity* | Any indirect morbidity† | Any direct morbidity* | Any indirect morbidity† | |||||
| Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | |
| Cognition: mean (SD) | 10.44 (3.24) | 8.60 (4.27) | 10.83 (3.18) | 8.59 (4.18) | 8.90 (2.46) | 8.28 (3.94) | 9.09 (2.46) | 8.26 (3.84) |
| 95% CI | 10.04 to 10.84 | 8.23 to 8.97 | 10.40 to 11.26 | 8.25 to 8.94 | 8.59 to 9.20 | 7.95 to 8.62 | 8.75 to 9.42 | 7.94 to 8.58 |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.023 | 0.004 | ||||
| Mobility: mean (SD) | 11.52 (4.02) | 8.30 (4.38) | 11.96 (3.98) | 8.37 (4.33) | 7.25 (2.81) | 7.03 (3.54) | 7.29 (2.69) | 9.33 (4.53) |
| 95% CI | 11.02 to 12.02 | 7.92 to 8.67 | 11.42 to 12.50 | 8.02 to 8.73 | 6.90 to 7.59 | 6.72 to 7.33 | 6.93 to 7.66 | 9.00 to 9.65 |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.389 | 0.325 | ||||
| Self-care: mean (SD) | 7.71 (2.54) | 6.26 (3.39) | 7.89 (2.48) | 6.30 (3.34) | 5.80 (2.04) | 5.40 (2.77) | 5.83 (1.85) | 5.42 (2.78) |
| 95% CI | 7.39 to 8.02 | 5.97 to 6.55 | 7.55 to 8.22 | 6.03 to 6.58 | 5.55 to 6.05 | 5.17 to 5.64 | 5.58 to 6.08 | 5.19 to 5.65 |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.045 | 0.046 | ||||
| Getting along with people: mean (SD) | 9.91 (3.55) | 7.21 (3.77) | 10.49 (3.36) | 7.19 (3.73) | 9.33 (3.26) | 6.86 (3.36) | 9.78 (3.12) | 6.87 (3.33) |
| 95% CI | 9.47 to 10.35 | 6.88 to 7.53 | 10.04 to 10.95 | 6.89 to 7.50 | 8.93 to 9.73 | 6.57 to 7.14 | 9.35 to 10.20 | 6.60 to 7.15 |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Life activities: mean (SD) | 10.44 (3.73) | 7.20 (3.66) | 10.72 (3.77) | 7.34 (3.66) | 6.92 (2.92) | 5.79 (3.10) | 7.05 (2.92) | 5.82 (3.08) |
| 95% CI | 9.98 to 10.91 | 6.89 to 7.51 | 10.21 to 11.23 | 7.04 to 7.64 | 6.56 to 7.28 | 5.52 (6.05) | 6.65 to 7.44 | 5.57 to 6.08 |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Participation: mean (SD) | 13.12 (4.03) | 10.69 (5.10) | 13.55 (3.90) | 10.72 (5.03) | 11.04 (3.47) | 10.07 (4.05) | 11.18 (3.23) | 10.09 (4.08) |
| 95% CI | 12.62 to 13.62 | 10.26 to 11.13 | 13.02 to 14.08 | 10.30 to 11.13 | 10.61 to 11.47 | 9.72 to 10.42 | 10.74 to 11.61 | 9.76 to 10.43 |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| Total WHODAS: mean (SD) | 23.73 (12.22) | 12.13 (15.07) | 25.48 (11.20) | 12.37 (14.96) | 13.43 (9.99) | 8.44 (13.44) | 14.22 (9.02) | 8.53 (13.42) |
| 95% CI | 22.22 to 25.24 | 10.84 to 13.43 | 23.96 to 27.00 | 11.13 to 13.60 | 12.19 to 14.66 | 7.29 to 9.60 | 12.99 to 15.44 | 7.42 to 9.64 |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| WHODAS 2.0 domain | 18th week postpartum | |||
| Any direct morbidity* | Any indirect morbidity† | |||
| Yes | No | Yes | No | |
| Cognition: mean (SD) | 8.50 (2.38) | 7.98 (3.58) | 8.66 (2.33) | 7.96 (3.51) |
| 95% CI | 8.20 to 8.79 | 7.67 to 8.28 | 8.34 to 8.97 | 7.67 to 8.25 |
| P value | 0.037 | 0.007 | ||
| Mobility: mean (SD) | 6.24 (2.38) | 6.60 (3.19) | 6.17 (2.14) | 6.60 (3.20) |
| 95% CI | 5.95 to 6.54 | 6.33 to 6.87 | 5.88 to 6.46 | 6.34 to 6.86 |
| P value | 0.114 | 0.072 | ||
| Self-care: mean (SD) | 5.31 (1.87) | 5.06 (2.24) | 5.30 (1.76) | 5.08 (2.25) |
| 95% CI | 5.08 to 5.54 | 4.86 to 5.25 | 5.07 to 5.54 | 4.89 to 5.26 |
| P value | 0.119 | 0.184 | ||
| Getting along with people: mean (SD) | 8.66 (3.25) | 6.69 (3.20) | 9.04 (3.19) | 6.70 (3.18) |
| 95% CI | 8.26 to 9.06 | 6.42 to 6.97 | 8.61 to 9.47 | 6.43 to 9.96 |
| P value | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Life activities: mean (SD) | 5.75 (2.51) | 5.45 (2.79) | 5.83 (2.42) | 5.44 (2.80) |
| 95% CI | 5.44 to 6.06 | 5.21 to 5.69 | 5.50 to 6.16 | 5.21 to 5.67 |
| P value | 0.150 | 0.075 | ||
| Participation: mean (SD) | 10.39 (3.54) | 9.86 (3.76) | 10.47 (3.32) | 9.87 (3.82) |
| 95% CI | 9.95 to 10.83 | 9.54 to 10.19 | 10.02 to 10.92 | 9.56 to 10.19 |
| P value | 0.063 | 0.047 | ||
| Total WHODAS: mean (SD) | 10.03 (9.83) | 7.46 (12.82) | 10.54 (8.97) | 7.47 (12.83) |
| 95% CI | 8.82 to 11.25 | 6.36 to 8.56 | 9.32 to 11.76 | 6.41 to 8.53 |
| P value | 0.005 | 0.001 | ||
*Gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, placenta previa, placental abruption, postpartum haemorrhage, mastitis, puerperal sepsis, urinary tract infection, perineal tear, episiotomy wound infection, vaginal wall/perineal laceration and caesarean section wound infection.
†Asthma, tuberculosis, influenza, pneumonia, malaria, HIV/AIDS, candidiasis, hepatitis, hypertension, anaemia and diabetes mellitus.
WHODAS 2.0, WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0.