Logistic regression models, stratified by sex, estimating associations with interpersonal violence-related injury among Cameroonian patients who sought hospital-level care between 2017 and 2020
| Variables | Males, n=5488 | Females, n=2117 | ||||||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted * | Unadjusted | Adjusted * | |||||
| OR (95%CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Education level | ||||||||
| Primary or no formal | 1.62 (1.26 to 2.09) | <0.001† | 1.22 (0.91 to 1.64) | 0.174 | 1.52 (1.02 to 2.27) | 0.041† | 1.78 (1.10 to 2.87) | 0.019† |
| Secondary/high school | 1.27 (0.99 to 1.62) | 0.053 | 1.07 (0.82 to 1.40) | 0.623 | 1.42 (0.98 to 2.05) | 0.064 | 1.54 (1.03 to 2.32) | 0.037† |
| University | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Missing data ‡ | 1.50 (1.08 to 2.09) | 0.015† | 1.26 (0.88 to 1.80) | 0.212 | 1.47 (0.86 to 2.50) | 0.157 | 1.41 (0.79 to 2.52) | 0.238 |
| Employment status | ||||||||
| Employed § | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Unemployed ¶ | 3.16 (2.56 to 3.90) | <0.001† | 2.44 (1.95 to 3.06) | <0.001† | 2.78 (1.55 to 4.98) | 0.001† | 2.53 (1.35 to 4.72) | 0.004† |
| Retired or housewife ** | 0.37 (0.20 to 0.72) | 0.003† | 0.75 (0.36 to 1.55) | 0.438 | 0.93 (0.70 to 1.25) | 0.643 | 1.32 (0.95 to 1.85) | 0.100 |
| Student | 1.33 (1.07 to 1.65) | 0.009† | 1.30 (0.99 to 1.70) | 0.055 | 0.95 (0.67 to 1.33) | 0.749 | 0.89 (0.55 to 1.44) | 0.629 |
| Missing data ‡ | 2.47 (1.62 to 3.76) | <0.001† | 1.88 (1.20 to 2.94) | 0.005† | 3.01 (0.75 to 12.16) | 0.122 | 3.89 (0.88 to 17.17) | 0.072 |
| Household SES cluster | ||||||||
| Rural †† | 0.99 (0.74 to 1.33) | 0.958 | 1.45 (1.04 to 2.03) | 0.028† | 1.63 (1.02 to 2.60) | 0.040† | 1.60 (0.93 to 2.75) | 0.090 |
| Urban poor | 3.91 (2.48 to 6.17) | <0.001† | 2.08 (1.27 to 3.41) | 0.004† | 2.53 (0.89 to 7.21) | 0.082 | 2.39 (0.81 to 7.06) | 0.116 |
| Urban MC homeowners | 1.45 (1.12 to 1.87) | 0.004† | 1.10 (0.84 to 1.45) | 0.489 | 1.18 (0.72 to 1.91) | 0.509 | 1.07 (0.63 to 1.81) | 0.799 |
| Urban MC tenants | 1.43 (1.18 to 1.75) | <0.001† | 1.23 (0.98 to 1.54) | 0.069 | 1.38 (1.01 to 1.89) | 0.042† | 0.93 (0.65 to 1.32) | 0.681 |
| Urban wealthy | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Missing data ‡ | 1.42 (0.95 to 2.13) | 0.091 | 1.35 (0.88 to 2.07) | 0.166 | 1.05 (0.52 to 2.15) | 0.885 | 0.71 (0.34 to 1.49) | 0.364 |
| Alcohol use ‡‡ | ||||||||
| Yes | 2.15 (1.79 to 2.58) | <0.001† | 2.33 (1.91 to 2.83) | <0.001† | 3.58 (2.40 to 5.34) | <0.001† | 3.71 (2.41 to 5.72) | <0.001† |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Unknown | 1.78 (1.45 to 2.18) | <0.001† | 1.21 (0.97 to 1.51) | 0.089 | 0.62 (0.35 to 1.12) | 0.114 | 0.74 (0.40 to 1.36) | 0.329 |
| Age group | ||||||||
| 15–24 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 25–34 | 0.87 (0.74 to 1.03) | 0.105 | 0.88 (0.73 to 1.08) | 0.224 | 1.23 (0.90 to 1.68) | 0.205 | 1.20 (0.79 to 1.81) | 0.393 |
| 35–44 | 0.69 (0.57 to 0.84) | <0.001† | 0.80 (0.63 to 1.01) | 0.057 | 0.86 (0.60 to 1.23) | 0.395 | 0.83 (0.52 to 1.32) | 0.429 |
| 45–54 | 0.69 (0.53 to 0.89) | 0.004† | 0.83 (0.63 to 1.10) | 0.198 | 0.61 (0.38 to 0.97) | 0.036† | 0.55 (0.31 to 0.95) | 0.032† |
| 55+ | 0.38 (0.28 to 0.53) | <0.001† | 0.50 (0.34 to 0.72) | <0.001† | 0.27 (0.15 to 0.49) | <0.001† | 0.22 (0.11 to 0.43) | <0.001† |
| Hospital | ||||||||
| LHD | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| LRH | 0.48 (0.41 to 0.56) | <0.001† | 0.59 (0.49 to 0.70) | <0.001† | 1.28 (0.98 to 1.69) | 0.074 | 1.51 (1.10 to 2.07) | 0.011† |
| ERH | 0.47 (0.37 to 0.58) | <0.001† | 0.51 (0.40 to 0.65) | <0.001† | 1.31 (0.90 to 1.90) | 0.153 | 1.17 (0.76 to 1.82) | 0.473 |
| CHP | 0.14 (0.08 to 0.23) | <0.001† | 0.12 (0.07 to 0.21) | <0.001† | 0.41 (0.17 to 0.96) | 0.039† | 0.26 (0.10 to 0.69) | 0.006† |
*Expanded tables included as online supplemental material present results from adjusted models for each explanatory variable individually.
†Significant at the p<0.05 level.
‡Equivalent results were obtained for unadjusted and adjusted analyses when patients with missing education level, employment status or household SES cluster data were excluded.
§Includes self-employed, salaried worker and any applicable free-text responses.
¶Includes unemployed (unable to work) and unemployed (able to work).
**Housewife only applicable to female patients.
††Rural poor and rural wealthy household SES clusters were combined due to the small sample size of rural poor.
‡‡'Did alcohol likely contribute to this injury?’
aOR, adjusted OR; CHP, Catholic Hospital Pouma ; ERH, Edea Regional Hospital ; LHD, Laquintinie Hospital of Douala ; LRH, Limbe Regional Hospital ; MC, middle-class ; SES, socioeconomic status .