Logistic regression models
| Model | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||||
| Crude ORs | Multivariable (except birth weight) | Multivariable | |||||||
| n=9736 | n=9736 | n=5987 | |||||||
| OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | |
| Residence | |||||||||
| Urban | 1.88 | 1.34 to 2.62 | <0.001 | 1.94 | 1.22 to 1.31 | 0.006 | 2.06 | 1.10 to 3.85 | 0.024 |
| Rural | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Mode of Delivery | |||||||||
| Vaginal | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Caesarean | 2.47 | 1.47 to 4.14 | 0.001 | 1.69 | 0.90 to 3.18 | 0.104 | 1.81 | 0.90 to 3.62 | 0.095 |
| Multiplicity | |||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Yes | 5.56 | 3.19 to 9.72 | <0.001 | 6.94 | 3.77 to 12.77 | <0.001 | 2.50 | 1.23 to 5.09 | 0.011 |
| Birth order and preceeding birth interval (BI) | |||||||||
| First child | 2.07 | 1.36 to 3.15 | 0.001 | 2.43 | 1.47 to 4.01 | 0.001 | 1.59 | 0.86 to 2.97 | 0.142 |
| Second/third with ≤24-month BI | 1.20 | 0.57 to 2.52 | 0.625 | 1.53 | 0.75 to 3.23 | 0.253 | 1.39 | 0.59 to 3.26 | 0.454 |
| Second/third with >24-month BI | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Fourth+with ≤24-month BI | 1.49 | 0.83 to 2.65 | 0.179 | 1.84 | 0.97 to 3.44 | 0.058 | 1.76 | 0.71 to 4.36 | 0.224 |
| Fourth+with >24-month BI | 1.23 | 0.78 to 1.95 | 0.371 | 1.20 | 0.72 to 2.01 | 0.491 | 0.96 | 0.56 to 1.66 | 0.895 |
| Mother’s age at time of birth (years) | |||||||||
| <20 | 1.51 | 1.00 to 2.27 | 0.051 | 1.14 | 0.72 to 1.80 | 0.582 | 0.85 | 0.46 to 1.59 | 0.628 |
| 20–29 | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| 30–39 | 0.94 | 0.63 to 1.41 | 0.777 | 1.09 | 0.71 to 1.66 | 0.704 | 0.94 | 0.56 to 1.55 | 0.804 |
| 40–49 | 1.97 | 0.92 to 4.20 | 0.079 | 2.39 | 1.13 to 5.06 | 0.023 | 0.79 | 0.22 to 2.77 | 0.707 |
| Sex of child | |||||||||
| Male | 1.5 | 1.09 to 2.13 | 0.017 | 1.59 | 1.14 to 2.23 | 0.007 | 1.94 | 1.32 to 2.85 | 0.001 |
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Wanted pregnancy | |||||||||
| No | 0.77 | 0.53 to 1.13 | 0.186 | ||||||
| Yes | Reference | ||||||||
| Place of birth | |||||||||
| Home | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Lower level facility | 1.28 | 0.88 to 1.95 | 0.115 | 1.15 | 0.78 to 1.71 | 0.476 | 1.57 | 0.63 to 3.96 | 0.333 |
| Hospital | 1.75 | 1.18 to 2.61 | 0.006 | 1.10 | 0.68 to 1.76 | 0.703 | 1.53 | 0.59 to 3.94 | 0.378 |
| Skilled birth attendant present at birth | |||||||||
| No | Reference | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.53 | 1.08 to 2.20 | 0.019 | ||||||
| Household wealth index | |||||||||
| Poorest | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Poorer | 1.44 | 0.87 to 2.50 | 0.159 | 1.50 | 0.90 to 2.49 | 0.118 | 1.11 | 0.53 to 2.36 | 0.778 |
| Middle | 1.09 | 0.64 to 1.90 | 0.764 | 0.93 | 0.53 to 1.61 | 0.785 | 0.70 | 0.34 to 1.45 | 0.338 |
| Richer | 1.76 | 1.02 to 2.90 | 0.034 | 1.05 | 0.61 to 1.80 | 0.873 | 0.88 | 0.45 to 1.71 | 0.703 |
| Richest | 1.93 | 1.12 to 3.39 | 0.017 | 1.00 | 0.53 to 1.89 | 0.999 | 0.83 | 0.39 to 1.79 | 0.637 |
| Mother’s education | |||||||||
| No education/incomplete primary | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Primary | 2.25 | 1.42 to 3.62 | 0.001 | 2.00 | 1.23 to 3.22 | 0.005 | 1.46 | 0.74 to 2.84 | 0.272 |
| Secondary or higher | 2.08 | 1.17 to 3.69 | 0.013 | 1.27 | 0.65 to 2.46 | 0.488 | 0.77 | 0.32 to 1.84 | 0.559 |
| Child weighed at birth | |||||||||
| No | Reference | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.96 | 0.69 to 1.30 | 0.810 | ||||||
| Child’s birth weight in grams (n=5987) | |||||||||
| Low (<2500 g) | 6.08 | 3.81 to 9.71 | <0.001 | 4.74 | 2.82 to 7.96 | <0.001 | |||
| Normal (2500–4000 g) | Reference | Reference | |||||||
| Macrosomia (>4000 g) | 1.82 | 0.95 to 3.52 | 0.072 | 1.92 | 0.97 to 3.80 | 0.061 | |||
P value of Wald test.