Table 4

Effect of payment for performance on the use of non-targeted services in the short and long term (results from the difference-in-difference analysis)

Outcome variables	Facilities	Short-term effect			Difference between short and long term			Long-term effect
Outcome variables	Facilities	N	Beta* (95% CI)	P value	N	Beta* (95% CI)	P value	N	Beta* (95% CI)	P value
Outpatient visits per facility month >5 years	96	3353	−15.8 (−101.1 to 69.5)	0.714	4798	162.3 (65.2 to 259.5)	0.001	5422	73.0 (−36.6 to 182.5)	0.189
Outpatient visits per facility month >5 years, dispensaries	69	2538	−90.8 (−156.5 to −25.2)	0.007	3570	71.8 (30.8 to 112.8)	0.001	4075	−50.5 (−116.6 to 15.7)	0.133
Outpatient visits per facility month <5 years	93	3247	−41.1 (−93.2 to 10.9)	0.120	4754	80.52 (33.1 to 127.9)	0.001	5278	−2.8 (−51.7 to 46.2)	0.910
Outpatient visits per facility month <5 years, dispensaries	72	2428	−57.5 (−110.2 to −4.9)	0.033	3553	77.11 (44.2 to 110.0)	0.000	3950	−10.08 (−56.0 to 35.8)	0.663

*The beta is the estimated intervention effect controlling for a year dummy and facility-fixed effects.
N, facility months.