Relationship among sociodemographic variables and long COVID symptoms
| Variable | Descriptive | Long COVID (overall) | Fatigue | Pain | Dyspnoea | Cough | Anosmia | Lack of appetite | Headache | Chest pain |
| Age (overall) | Mean, SD | 38.4±11.3 | 38.1±11.3 | 40.9±10.1 | 38.6±9.2 | 38.0±13.8 | 36.6±14.1 | 37.8±8.6 | 37.3±7.8 | 55 |
| Independent t (p) | 0.895 (0.371) | 0.938 (0.349) | −1.9 (0.05) * | −0.115 (0.908) | 0.182 (0.856) | 0.674 (0.501) | 0.182 (0.856) | 0.264 (0.792) | −1.47 (0.142) | |
| Age category | 18–30 years | 94 (26.4) | 83 (23.3) | 10 (2.8) | 6 (1.7) | 9 (2.5) | 6 (1.7) | 2 (0.60) | 2 (0.60) | 0 |
| 31–40 years | 131 (36.7) | 103 (28.9) | 21 (5.9) | 17 (4.8) | 13 (3.7) | 8 (2.2) | 6 (1.7) | 4 (1.1) | 0 | |
| 41–50 years | 70 (19.6) | 61 (17.1) | 17 (4.8) | 9 (2.5) | 3 (0.80) | 0 | 3 (0.80) | 2 (0.60) | 0 | |
| 51–60 years | 55 (15.4) | 43 (12.1) | 12 (3.4) | 5 (1.4) | 4 (1.1) | 3 (0.80) | 1 (0.30) | 0 | 1 (0.30) | |
| 61–70 years | 3 (0.8) | 2 (0.60) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.30) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| >70 years | 3 (0.8) | 3 (0.80) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.30) | 1 (0.30) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| χ2(p) | 11.4 (0.043)* | 5.59 (0.241*) | 7.59 (0.203*) | 3.81 (0.598*) | 6.77 (0.171*) | 9.54(0.069*) | 1.83(0.771*) | 1.91(0.798*) | 5.48(0.171*) | |
| Gender | Male | 242 (68.0) | 199 (55.9) | 37 (10.4) | 26 (7.3) | 25 (7.0) | 11 (3.1) | 8 (2.2) | 4 (1.1) | 1 (0.30) |
| Female | 114 (32.0) | 96 (27.0) | 23 (6.5) | 11 (3.1) | 6 (1.7) | 7 (2.0) | 4 (1.1) | 4 (1.1) | 0 | |
| χ2 (p) | 7.74 (0.005)** | 0.214(0.763*) | 1.32(0.288*) | 0.100 (0.752) | 2.50 (0.157*) | 0.411(0.605*) | 0.010 (1.00*) | 1.21(0.274*) | 0.472 (1.00*) | |
| Marital status | Married | 304 (85.4) | 248 (69.7) | 53 (14.9) | 33 (9.3) | 26 (7.3) | 15 (4.2) | 12 (3.4) | 8 (2.2) | 1 (0.30) |
| Unmarried | 45 (12.6) | 40 (11.2) | 4 (1.1) | 2(0.60) | 5 (1.4) | 3 (0.80) | 0 | 1 (0.20) | 0 | |
| Widow/ widower | 7 (2.0) | 7 (2.0) | 3 (0.0) | 2(0.60) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| χ2 (p) | 7.81 (0.02)* | 2.95 (0.304*) | 5.48 (0.056*) | 4.26 (0.119*) | 1.00 (0.776*) | 0.625 (0.802*) | 2.12 (0.511*) | 1.40 (0.662*) | 0.172 (1.00*) | |
| Education | No formal education | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Primary education | 6 (1.7) | 6 (1.7) | 1 (0.30) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Secondary education | 52 (14.6) | 42 (11.8) | 9 (2.5) | 3 (0.8) | 5 (1.4) | 3 (0.80) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Higher secondary | 110 (30.9) | 88 (24.7) | 20 (5.6) | 9 (2.5) | 11 (3.1) | 7 (2.0) | 6 (1.7) | 2 (0.60) | 0 | |
| Bachelor or above | 187 (52.5) | 158 (44.4) | 30 (8.4) | 25 (7.0) | 15 (4.2) | 8 (2.2) | 6 (1.7) | 6 (1.7) | 1 (0.30) | |
| χ2 (p) | 7.94 (0.09) | 2.59 (0.659*) | 0.437(0.961*) | 4.36(0.406*) | 1.06 (0.915*) | 1.05 (0.798*) | 3.54 (0.394*) | 2.23 (0.679*) | 0.906 (1.00*) | |
| Residing area | Rural | 254 (71.3) | 207 (58.1) | 48 (13.5) | 31 (8.7) | 24 (6.7) | 14 (3.9) | 10 (2.8) | 6 (1.7) | 0 |
| Urban | 102 (28.7) | 88 (24.7) | 12 (3.4) | 6 (1.7) | 7 (2.0) | 4 (1.1) | 2 (0.60) | 2 (0.60) | 1 (0.30) | |
| χ2 (p) | 9.35 (0.002)** | 1.17 (0.351*) | 2.64 (0.119*) | 3.12 (0.086*) | 0.612 (0.535*) | 0.383 (0.789*) | 0.873 (0.521*) | 0.053 (1.00*) | 2.49 (0.287*) | |
| Occupation | Students | 37 (10.4) | 32 (9.0) | 4 (1.1) | 2 (0.60) | 5 (1.4) | 3 (0.80) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Healthcare profession | 36 (10.1) | 29 (8.1) | 11 (3.1) | 6 (1.7) | 3 (0.80) | 2 (0.60) | 2 (0.60) | 2 (0.60) | 0 | |
| Legal force | 36 (10.1) | 29 (8.1) | 8 (2.2) | 8 (2.2) | 7 (2.0) | 0 | 3 (0.80) | 1 (0.30) | 0 | |
| Housewife | 28 (7.9) | 25 (7.0) | 4 (1.1) | 1 (0.30) | 0 | 1 (0.30) | 1 (0.30) | 0 | 0 | |
| Government jobs | 40 (11.2) | 33 (9.3) | 6 (1.7) | 4 (1.1) | 4 (1.1) | 3(0.80) | 0 | 1 (0.30) | 0 | |
| Private jobs | 179 (50.3) | 147 (41.3) | 27 (7.6) | 16 (4.5) | 12 (3.4) | 9 (2.5) | 6 (1.7) | 4 (1.1) | 1 (0.30) | |
| χ2 (p) | 58.84 (0.0001)*** | 1.49 (0.928*) | 7.15 (0.244*) | 9.37 (0.110) | 9.96 (0.068*) | 3.28 (0.611*) | 5.93 (264*) | 3.34 0.652*) | 0.992 (1.00*) | |
| Severity | Mild illness | 217 (61.0) | 182 (51.1) | 29 (8.1) | 1 (0.30) | 19 (5.3) | 9 (2.5) | 5 (1.4) | 7 (2.0) | 0 |
| Moderate illness | 135 (37.9) | 110 (30.9) | 30 (8.4) | 34 (9.6) | 11 (3.1) | 9 (2.5) | 6 (1.7) | 1 (0.30) | 1 (0.30) | |
| Severe illness | 4 (1.1) | 3 (0.80) | 1 (0.30) | 2 (0.60) | 1 (0.30) | 0 | 1 (0.30) | 0 | 0 | |
| χ2 (p) | 104.8 (0.0001)*** | 0.511 (0.540*) | 4.85 (0.061*) | 61.4 (0.0001*)*** | 1.38 (0.428*) | 1.31 (0.453*) | 6.98 (0.060*)* | 2.43 (0.234*) | 1.64 (0.390*) |
Significant relationship values with a minimum of 5% margin of error are bolded and marked as * p<0·05, ** p<0·01, *** p<0·001.
*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0·001.