Table 4

Odds ratios that children were disciplined with physical punishment or verbal aggression, by timeframe of IPV

Survey IPV timeframe	Total	No	Yes		Unadjusted odds ratio (OR)				Adjusted odds ratio (aOR)†
Survey IPV timeframe	n	%	%		OR	95% CI	p value		aOR	95% CI	p value
	Children in the household were physically punished:
Bolivia 2008
No past year IPV‡	6396	46.7	53.3	***	Ref				Ref
IPV past year	2339	34.8	65.2		1.64	1.45 to 1.86	<0.001	***	1.69	1.48 to 1.92	<0.001	***
Colombia 2015
Never IPV	11 339	56.9	43.1	***	Ref				Ref
Past year IPV	3260	44.6	55.4		1.64	1.46 to 1.85	<0.001	***	1.77	1.57 to 1.99	<0.001	***
IPV before past year	2498	46.2	53.8		1.54	1.31 to 1.81	<0.001	***	1.59	1.35 to 1.87	<0.001	***
Guatemala 2008/2009
Never IPV	7675	57.7	42.3	***	Ref				Ref
Past year IPV	1096	42.1	57.9		1.87	1.61 to 2.18	<0.001	***	1.96	1.68 to 2.28	<0.001	***
IPV before past year	1893	40.4	59.6		2.01	1.75 to 2.31	<0.001	***	2.01	1.75 to 2.32	<0.001	***
Haiti 2016/2017
Never IPV	2483	19.3	80.7	*	Ref				Ref
Past year IPV	478	14.1	85.9		1.46	1.00 to 2.13	0.047	*	1.33	0.92 to 1.93	0.126
IPV before past year	330	13.8	86.2		1.49	0.93 to 2.39	0.099		1.46	0.89 to 2.38	0.132
Jamaica 2008/2009
Never IPV	3571	44.2	55.8	***	Ref				Ref
Past year IPV	383	33.4	66.6		1.58	1.16 to 2.14	0.004	**	1.52	1.11 to 2.10	0.010	*
IPV before past year	631	30.3	69.7		1.82	1.43 to 2.32	<0.001	***	1.67	1.31 to 2.14	<0.001	***
Mexico 2016
Never IPV	33 926	65.6	34.4	***	Ref				Ref
Past year IPV	4264	35.0	65.0		3.55	3.20 to 3.94	<0.001	***	3.63	3.26 to 4.05	<0.001	***
IPV before past year	4906	42.8	57.2		2.54	2.32 to 2.78	<0.001	***	2.52	2.30 to 2.7)	<0.001	***
Nicaragua 2011/2012
Never IPV	6982	79.2	20.8	***	Ref				Ref
Past year IPV	653	76.7	23.3		1.15	0.89 to 1.50	0.279		1.13	0.87 to 1.48	0.359
IPV before past year	1409	72.4	27.6		1.45	1.20 to 1.75	<0.001	***	1.50	1.23 to 1.83	<0.001	***
Paraguay 2008
Never IPV	2718	75.3	24.7	***	Ref				Ref
Past year IPV	274	61.0	39.0		1.95	1.46 to 2.59	<0.001	***	1.92	1.44 to 2.57	<0.001	***
IPV before past year	467	64.2	35.8		1.70	1.33 to 2.17	<0.001	***	1.82	1.42 to 2.35	<0.001	***
Peru 2018
Never IPV	13 278	65.5	34.5	***	Ref				Ref
Past year IPV	2330	46.9	53.1		2.15	1.82 to 2.53	<0.001	***	2.23	1.89 to 2.64	<0.001	***
IPV before past year	4072	54.5	45.5		1.59	1.37 to 1.83	<0.001	***	1.83	1.58 to 2.13	<0.001	***
	Children in the household experienced verbal aggression:
Bolivia 2008
No past year IPV‡	6396	61.9	38.1	***	Ref				Ref
IPV past year	2339	52.7	47.3		1.46	1.29 to 1.64	<0.001	***	1.49	1.33 to 1.68	<0.001	***
Haiti 2016/2017
Never IPV	2483	38.8	61.2	***	Ref				Ref
Past year IPV	478	26.7	73.3		1.74	1.29 to 2.35	<0.001	***	1.77	1.31 to 2.39	<0.001	***
IPV before past year	330	26.6	73.4		1.75	1.29 to 2.37	<0.001	***	1.69	1.24 to 2.31	0.001	**

All numbers, percentages and ORs are weighted. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
†Adjusted for women’s partnership status, age, urban/rural residence, education level and household wealth.
‡Bolivia did not measure IPV before past year, therefore the reference category was no IPV in the past year.
aOR, adjusted OR; CI, confidence interval; IPV, intimate partner violence; Ref, reference category.