Survey items*† used to measure violent discipline of children
| Survey | Original survey items (translated into English if needed) | Physical (verbal) acts measured‡ |
| Bolivia 2008 | Who punishes your sons (daughters) in the household? Anyone else? father; mother; stepfather; stepmother; grandfather; grandmother; older sister; household worker; other; no one (not punished) | pull ears or slap/smack beat on the body (Verbal: Shout, insult) |
| if father: How does your husband/partner punish your sons/ daughters? if mother: How do you punish your sons/daughters? if other: How does that person punish your sons/daughters? | ||
| Colombia 2015 | Who punishes your sons (daughters) (or your step or adopted sons (daughters)) in the household? Anyone else? father/stepfather; mother/respondent/ stepmother; other; no one (not punished) | slap/smack push beat with objects |
| if father/stepfather: How does your partner punish your (step, adopted) sons (daughters)? if respondent: How do you punish your (step, adopted) sons (daughters)? if other: How does that person punish your (step, adopted) sons (daughters)? | ||
| Guatemala 2008/2009 | Who punishes your sons/daughters in the household? father; mother; other; no one (not punished) | spank beat or ‘physical punishment’ burn make kneel on corn or rocks |
| if father: How does the father punish your sons/daughters? if mother: How do you/the mother punish your sons/daughters? if other: How does that person punish your sons/daughters? | ||
| Haiti 2016/2017 | In the past month, did you or anyone else in your household: …shake (name)? … yell or shout at (name)? …pull (name’s) ears? …make (name) kneel? …spank or hit (name) on the bottom with a bare hand? …hit (name) on the bottom or elsewhere on the body with something like a belt, whip, stick or other hard object? …call (name) an idiot, lazy, ugly or something like that? …slap or punch (name) on the face, head or ears? …hit (name) on the hand, arm or leg? …beat (name), that is to say… hit over and over as hard as possible? | Shake Pull ears Make kneel Spank/hit on bottom with bare hand Hit with belt, whip, stick, or other hard object Slap or punch on face, head, ears Hit on hand, arm, leg Beat (hit over and over as hard as possible) (Verbal: Yell or shout; Call names) |
| Jamaica 2008/2009 | In this household, are the children punished when they do not behave well? yes; no; no children (age 1–15) in the household | cuff or spank hit with hand or fist hit with belt, stick, other object |
| if yes: How are the children punished when they don't behave well? Another way? | ||
| Mexico 2016 | When your husband or partner becomes angry or desperate with his/your daughters and sons, does he hit them… When you become angry or desperate with your daughters and sons, do you hit them… …. sometimes? frequently? does not hit them? no sons/daughters? | Hit |
| Nicaragua 2011/2012 | In this household, how are children disciplined when they behave badly? | smack/slap hit with hand or fist beat with belt, ruler, whip/rope, stick, other object |
| Paraguay 2008 | In your household, how are children punished? Anything else? | same as nicaragua |
| Peru 2018 | Who reprimands or punishes your daughters or sons in the household? Anyone else? biological father; biological mother; other; no one (not punished) | slap/smack beat or ‘physical punishment’ |
| if biological father: How does your husband/partner punish your daughter(s) or son(s)? if biological mother: How do you punish your daughter(s) or son(s)? if other: How does that person punish your daughter(s) or son(s)? |
*Spanish and French survey items were translated into English by authors.
†Words in small caps font were coded but not read to respondent.
‡All surveys except Mexico also measured acts of non-violent discipline, which are not shown.