Table 3

Effects on birth outcomes (cluster-level analyses)*

Minimally adjusted model
OR (95% CI)†
Fully adjusted model
OR (95% CI)‡
Neonatal mortality rate per 1000 live births0.75 (0.55 to 1.00)0.76 (0.59 to 0.98)
 Early neonatal mortality rate per 1000 live births0.64 (0.53 to 0.77)0.68 (0.54 to 0.86)
 Late neonatal mortality rate per 1000 live births0.93 (0.72 to 1.20)0.96 (0.62 to 1.50)
Perinatal mortality rate per 1000 births0.87 (0.65 to 1.16)0.87 (0.73 to 1.04)
Stillbirth rate per 1000 births1.43 (0.83 to 2.46)1.57 (0.96 to 2.58)
Pregnancy-related mortality ratio per 100 000 livebirths§1.05 (0.45 to 2.46)1.06 (0.81 to 1.41)
  • *Clusters are districts.

  • †Adjusted for baseline differences in the outcome only.

  • ‡Adjusted for baseline values, tribal/caste status, maternal education, maternal literacy and household asset quintile.

  • §Adjusted for tribal/caste status and household asset quintile only, as outcome did not vary by maternal education or maternal literacy.