Preventive and care-seeking practices, by arm
| Baseline period | Evaluation period | Model 1 OR (95% CI)* | Model 2 OR (95% CI)† | Model 3 OR (95% CI)‡ | |||
| Delayed arm | Early arm | Delayed arm | Early arm | ||||
| Home births, N§ | 2302 | 1350 | 8757 | 5220 | |||
| Birth attendant used clean delivery kit, n (%) | 654 (30.7) | 630 (49.8) | 1556 (18.0) | 2619 (52.2) | 1.02 (0.16 to 6.38) | 5.50 (0.28 to 106.2) | 0.91 (0.20 to 4.27) |
| Liveborn infants (home births), N | 2238 | 1326 | 8589 | 5115 | |||
| Infant wiped within thirty minutes of birth, n (%) | 1520 (68.3) | 1015 (76.7) | 6430 (75.2) | 4446 (86.9) | 1.56 (0.97 to 2.51) | 1.93 (0.62 to 6.03) | 1.64 (1.05 to 2.58) |
| Infant wrapped within thirty minutes of birth, n (%) | 1152 (51.8) | 766 (57.9) | 4805 (56.1) | 3508 (68.6) | 1.82 (0.42 to 7.90) | 1.93 (0.71 to 5.22) | 1.92 (0.51 to 7.22) |
| Infant not bathed in the first 24 hours of life, n (%) | 1547 (69.2) | 1009 (76.1) | 6245 (72.8) | 3984 (77.9) | 1.24 (0.46 to 3.39) | 1.55 (0.13 to 18.2) | 1.18 (0.36 to 3.84) |
| Infant put to breast within 1 hour, n (%) | 1299 (58.3) | 591 (44.6) | 4660 (54.4) | 2478 (48.5) | 1.12 (0.66 to 1.90) | 0.86 (0.31 to 2.41) | 1.10 (0.68 to 1.80) |
| Infants alive at 6 weeks (all livebirths) | 5059 | 4639 | 18 570 | 17 963 | |||
| Infant exclusively breastfed for first 6 weeks, n (%) | 3523 (69.7) | 3863 (83.3) | 9348 (50.3) | 14 910 (83.0) | 22.9 (5.18 to 101.5) | 4.88 (1.66 to 14.3) | 22.7 (4.95 to 104) |
| Mothers, N | 5363 | 4879 | 19 621 | 18 726 | |||
| 3+antenatal check to ups by a skilled provider,¶ n (%) | 1889 (35.2) | 2796 (57.4) | 4953 (25.2) | 13 109 (70.0) | 10.2 (0.48 to 216.0) | 5.44 (3.09 to 9.59) | 4.68 (0.90 to 24.3) |
| Mothers who made plans for birth in pregnancy,** n (%) | 1916 (35.7) | 2706 (55.5) | 6067 (30.9) | 12 126 (64.7) | 0.77 (0.44 to 1.35) | 2.90 (0.41 to 20.7) | 0.86 (0.32 to 2.29) |
| Mothers who had a health problem in pregnancy, n (%) | 4746 (88.6) | 3606 (74.0) | 15 127 (77.1) | 11 637 (62.1) | 0.89 (0.26 to 2.99) | 0.53 (0.13 to 2.22) | 0.91 (0.30 to 2.73) |
| Mothers who sought care for a health problem in pregnancy, n (%) | 1875 (39.5) | 1628 (45.1) | 6345 (41.9) | 5427 (46.6) | 1.07 (0.55 to 2.08) | 1.38 (0.38 to 5.06) | 1.07 (0.50 to 2.29) |
| Institutional delivery, n (%) | 3031 (56.5) | 3486 (71.4) | 10 719 (54.6) | 13 363 (71.4) | 0.99 (0.66 to 1.48) | 1.72 (1.19 to 2.48) | 1.26 (0.78 to 2.05) |
| Birth attended by a skilled provider,¶ n (% of all births) | 3056 (57.0) | 3536 (72.5) | 10 986 (56.0) | 13 645 (72.9) | 1.01 (0.63 to 1.62) | 1.71 (1.06 to 2.77) | 1.24 (0.75 to 2.04) |
| Visited by ASHAs three times in first week after birth, n (%) | 3142 (58.9) | 3512 (72.0) | 11 206 (57.2) | 13 597 (72.6) | 1.32 (1.12 to 1.54) | 1.91 (1.18 to 3.09) | 1.27 (1.07 to 1.50) |
| Received a postpartum check from skilled provider,¶ n (%) | 1345 (25.1) | 1258 (25.8) | 4175 (21.3) | 3757 (20.1) | 0.98 (0.35 to 2.77) | 1.02 (0.32 to 3.21) | 0.98 (0.34 to 2.82) |
| Livebirths, N | 5278 | 4836 | 19 382 | 18 565 | |||
| Newborn health problem, n (%) | 2188 (41.6) | 1679 (34.9) | 8253 (42.6) | 6005 (32.4) | 0.86 (0.45 to 1.63) | 0.72 (0.34 to 1.50) | 0.86 (0.49 to 1.54) |
| Care to seeking for a newborn health problem,†† n (%) | 1403 (64.1) | 1336 (79.6) | 5193 (62.9) | 4601 (76.6) | 0.78 (0.31 to 1.97) | 1.50 (0.51 to 4.43) | 0.62 (0.21 to 1.84) |
*Model 1: cluster-level analysis adjusted for baseline differences in the outcome only.
†Model 2: cluster-level analysis adjusted for tribal/caste status, maternal education, asset quintiles and literacy, but not baseline differences. Model 2 is emphasised in the results section when there are baseline differences between arms and outcomes deteriorated in the delayed arm between the baseline and evaluation period.
‡Model 3: cluster-level analysis adjusted for baseline differences in the outcome, tribal/caste status, maternal education, asset quintiles and literacy (main analysis). Model 3 is emphasised either when models 2 and 3 have similar effect sizes, or when outcomes are worse in the delayed arm at baseline, but no deterioration occurs during the evaluation period. Neither model 2 or 3 are emphasised when there are large (10% or more) differences between arms at baseline and some deterioration in the delayed arm during the evaluation period, leading to wide confidence intervals.
§Denominators vary due to missing data.
¶Doctor or Auxiliary Nurse Midwife/nurse.
**Transport, location, money, birth attendant.
†† Care-seeking from an Auxiliary Nurse Midwife, Anganwadi Worker, doctor or nurse.for cough, or fever for >24 hours or diarrhoea 3× per day.
ASHAs, Accredited Social Health Activists.