Table 4
Harvest plot of nudging outcomes among the general population included in this systematic review*
Disfavours nudges | Mixed results | Favours nudges | |
| Feasibility, acceptability, & satisfaction | |||
| Make available information salient |  |  | |
| Change the way outcomes are framed |  | ||
| Invoke social norms |  |  | |
| Encourage emotional affect |  |  | |
| Change defaults |  |  | |
| Offer incentive |  |  | |
| Knowledge & awareness about vaccination | |||
| Make available information salient |  |  | |
| Change the way outcomes are framed |  |  | |
| Encourage emotional affect |  |  |  |
| Offer incentive |  | ||
| Change the messenger |  | ||
| Intention to vaccinate | |||
| Make available information salient |  |  | |
| Change the way outcomes are framed |  |  |  |
| Invoke social norms |  | ||
| Encourage emotional affect |  |  | |
| Change defaults |  | ||
| Offer incentive |  |  |  |
| Vaccination uptake | |||
| Make available information salient |  |  |  |
| Change defaults |  |  | |
| Offer incentive |  |  | |
* Each study is presented as a bar highlighting certainty of evidence; darker shaded bars are RCTs (graded on a 4-point GRADE scale) and lighter shades represent non-RCTs and other study designs (graded on a 5-point MMAT scale). Numbers within each bar refer to study references as cited in the reference list.