Parameter | Data source |
Direct medical cost: Healthcare expenditures | |
Total healthcare expenditures | WHO Global Health Expenditure Database22 |
Obesity-attributable fraction of healthcare expenditures for Australia, Brazil, India, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Spain | ‘The Heavy Burden of Obesity: The Economics of Prevention’, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Health Policy Studies15 |
Direct non-medical cost: Travel costs for inpatient and outpatient visits for persons with obesity | |
Average travel cost to and from health facility: Australia | Household Expenditure Survey 2015–201649 |
Average travel cost to/from health facility: Brazil | Consumption and Socioeconomic Classification in Brazil: a Study Based on the Brazilian Family Expenditure Survey50 |
Average travel cost to/from health facility: India | Key Indicators of Household Expenditure of Services and Durable Goods51 |
Average travel cost/from health facility: Mexico | Mexico: Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares52 |
Average travel cost to/from health facility: Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia Household Income and Expenditure Survey53 |
Average travel cost to/from health facility: South Africa | South Africa: Measuring household expenditure on public transport technical report54 |
Average travel cost to/from health facility: Spain | Spain: Survey of Family Budgets55 |
Average travel cost to/from health facility: Thailand | The 2017 Household Socioeconomic Survey Whole Kingdom56 |
Average no. of hospitalisations by population with obesity: Brazil, South Africa, India, Mexico, Thailand | Kudel I et al 57This source provides country-specific data for Brazil and was used for other LMICs (South Africa, India, Mexico and Thailand). |
Average no. of hospitalisations by population with obesity: Australia, Saudi Arabia | Korda et al 58This source provides country-specific data for Australia and was also used for Saudi Arabia, the other high-income country for which data was not available. |
Average no. of hospitalisations by population with obesity: Spain | Espallardo et al 59 |
Average no. of outpatient visits by population with obesity: Brazil, South Africa, India, Mexico, Thailand | Kudel et al 57This source provides country-specific data for Brazil and was used for other LMICs (South Africa, India, Mexico and Thailand). |
Average no. of outpatient visits by population with obesity: Australia, Saudi Arabia, Spain | Espallardo et al 59This source provides country-specific data for Spain and was used for other high-income countries (Australia and Saudi Arabia). |
Obesity prevalence | N.C.D. Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)60 |
Direct non-medical cost: Informal caregiver (ICG) travel cost | |
Average travel cost to and from health facility | Same as patient average travel cost to and from health facility |
Average no. of hospitalisations by population with obesity | Same as above |
Obesity prevalence | N.C.D. Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)60 |
Direct non-medical cost: ICG time cost | |
Average daily wage: Australia | OECD.Stat Database61 |
Average daily wage: India | ILO Global Wage Report62 |
Average daily wage: Brazil, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Thailand | The ILOStat database contains country-specific data for the listed countries.63 |
Average length of hospitalisation of population with obesity: Australia, Saudi Arabia, Spain | Korda et al 58This source provides country-specific data for Australia and was used for other high-income countries (Saudi Arabia and Spain). |
Average length of hospitalisation of population with obesity: Brazil, South Africa, India, Mexico, Thailand | Ordoñez et al 64This source provides country-specific data for Brazil and was used for other LMICs (South Africa, India, Mexico and Thailand). |
Obesity prevalence | N.C.D. Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)60 |
Indirect cost: Premature mortality | |
Obesity-attributable mortality | Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD)21 |
Life expectancy | United Nations Population Division (UNPD)24 |
Background death rates | United Nations Population Division (UNPD)24 |
Annual gross domestic product per capita | World Bank World Development Indicators DataBase23 |
Indirect cost: Absenteeism | |
Excess days absent: No of additional days of absenteeism taken by an average obese employee compared with an average non-obese employee: Brazil, Mexico, Thailand | Kudel et al 57 This source provides country-specific data for Brazil and was used for other LMICs (Mexico and Thailand). |
Excess days absent: Australia, Saudi Arabia | Keramat et al 65This source provides country-specific data for Australia and was used for the other high-income country for which data was not available (Saudi Arabia). |
Excess days absent: South Africa | Maseko66 |
Excess days absent: Spain | Catalina-Romero et al 67 |
Employment rates | World Bank World Development Indicators Database23 |
Average annual wages | Same as informal caregiver wage sources |
Indirect cost: Presenteeism | |
Excess presenteeism rate: rate of reduced productivity among obese employees: Brazil, South Africa, India, Mexico, Thailand | Kudel et al 57This source provides country-specific data for Australia and was used for other LMICs (South Africa, India, Mexico and Thailand). |
Excess presenteeism rate: Australia | Weighing the cost of obesity: A call for action by PwC68 |
Excess presenteeism rate: Saudi Arabia, Spain | Hayman69This source provides country-specific data for Saudi Arabia and was used for the other high-income country for which data was not available (Spain). |
Employment rates | World Bank World Development Indicators23 |
Average annual wages | Same as informal caregiver wage sources |
LMICs, low-income and middle-income countries.