Characteristics | Negative | Positive | P value |
(n=1059, 57%) | (n=813, 43%) | ||
Female—no. (%) | 606 (57) | 509 (63) | 0.002 |
Age—median (IQR) | 30 (15–44) | 36 (18–50) | 0.004 |
Race/ethnicity—no. (%)* | 0.003 | ||
Black/Pardo | 813 (77) | 671 (83) | |
Others | 245 (23) | 142 (17) | |
Income—no. (%)† | 0.954 | ||
More than a minimum wage | 409 (40) | 276 (35) | |
Equal or less than a minimum wage | 388 (38) | 357 (45) | |
Without income | 225 (22) | 155 (20) | |
BCG scar—no. (%) | 950 (90) | 721 (89) | 0.498 |
HIV infection—no. (%) | 32 (3) | 14 (2) | 0.097 |
Antiretroviral therapy—no. (%) | 26 (8) | 10 (7) | 0.465 |
Education—no. (%)‡ | 0.137 | ||
Literate | 943 (89) | 743 (91) | |
Illiterate | 114 (11) | 70 (9) | |
Smoking—no. (%)§ | 253 (24) | 246 (30) | 0.002 |
Secondary smoking—no. (%)¶ | 319 (30) | 281 (35) | 0.04 |
Alcohol consumption—no. (%)** | 565 (53) | 442 (54) | 0.674 |
Alcohol consumption (years)—median (IQR) | 10 (3–18) | 14 (5–25) | 0.002 |
CAGE score of 2 and above—no. (%)†† | 110 (30) | 67 (24) | 0.075 |
Illicit drug use—no. (%) | 102 (10) | 84 (10) | 0.640 |
Comorbidities—no. (%)‡‡ | 242 (23) | 199 (245) | 0.411 |
Diabetes | 58 (6) | 34 (4) | 0.235 |
Hypertension | 120 (11) | 111 (14) | 0.137 |
Data represent no. (%). or median with IQR.
29 (1.5%) individuals had an indeterminate result in the first or second IGRA.
*Race ethnicity was self-reported. Others ethnicities: white, Asian and Indian.
†Income: monthly money received in the household, categorised in wage on this study. One Brazilian minimum wage was US$266/month (The World Bank), the average value in the period (2015–2019).
‡Education: categorised in: literate: defined as patients who reported ability to read and write. Illiterate: defined as patients who reported unable to read or write.
§Smoking: defined as patients who reported currently smoking or before being diagnosed with tuberculosis.
¶Secondary smoking: patients who reported being exposed to cigarette smoke from other smokers (passive smoker).
**Alcohol consumption: defined as patients who reported consuming currently alcohol or before being diagnosed with tuberculosis.
††Alcohol abuse was defined as a CAGE score ≥2 points as described in Methods. Continuous variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test and categorical variables were using the Fisher’s exact test (2×2) or Pearson’s χ2 test. Missing information was identified in three variables: race (1 (0.05%)), income (62 (3.3%)) and education (2 (0.1%)). These three variables were imputed based on baseline variables and outcome.
‡‡Comorbidities: at least one comorbidity (diabetes, hypertension, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary/emphysema, kidney disease, heart disease, liver disease and depression).