Factors associated with maternal peripheral blood malaria parasitaemia at delivery
| Factors | Maternal parasitemia | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||||
| Total (N=1886) n | Present (N=54) n (%) | Absent (N=1832) n (%) | cOR | 95% CI | P value | aOR | 95% CI | P value | |
| Age, years | |||||||||
| <25 | 636 | 29 (53.7) | 607 (33.1) | 2.33 | 1.36 to 4.00 | 0.002 | 1.61 | 0.80 to 3.23 | 0.18 |
| ≥25 | 1250 | 25 (46.3) | 1225 (66.9) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Education | |||||||||
| No education | 418 | 10 (18.5) | 408 (22.3) | 0.98 | 0.42 to 2.25 | 0.55 | |||
| Primary | 297 | 12 (22.2) | 285 (15.6) | 1.67 | 0.75 to 3.71 | ||||
| Junior high | 682 | 20 (37.1) | 662 (36.1) | 1.18 | 0.58 to 2.41 | ||||
| High school or above | 489 | 12 (22.2) | 477 (26.0) | 1 | |||||
| Household SES | |||||||||
| Most poor | 382 | 16 (29.6) | 366 (20.0) | 6.76 | 1.77 to 25.77 | 0.003 | 5.76 | 1.47 to 22.55 | 0.001 |
| More poor | 379 | 6 (11.1) | 373 (20.4) | 2.61 | 0.60 to 11.32 | 2.35 | 0.53 to 10.34 | ||
| Poor | 379 | 20 (37.1) | 359 (19.6) | 8.56 | 2.29 to 32.09 | 7.85 | 2.06 to 29.85 | ||
| Less poor | 369 | 10 (18.5) | 359 (19.6) | 4.39 | 1.10 to 17.56 | 3.98 | 0.99 to 16.03 | ||
| Least poor | 377 | 2 (3.7) | 375 (20.4) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married/married before | 1422 | 31 (57.4) | 1391 (76.0) | 1 | 0.004 | 1 | 0.20 | ||
| Living together with man, unmarried | 257 | 9 (16.67) | 248 (13.5) | 1.63 | 0.77 to 3.46 | 1.11 | 0.51 to 2.40 | ||
| Single, unmarried | 207 | 14 (25.93) | 193 (10.5) | 3.25 | 1.70 to 6.23 | 1.97 | 0.95 to 4.08 | ||
| Gravidity | |||||||||
| Primigravidae | 425 | 19 (35.2) | 406 (22.2) | 1.99 | 1.08 to 3.67 | 0.08 | 1.12 | 0.50 to 2.51 | 0.83 |
| Secundigravidae | 463 | 12 (22.2) | 451 (24.6) | 1.15 | 0.57 to 2.30 | 0.89 | 0.41 to 1.92 | ||
| Multigravidae | 998 | 23 (42.6) | 975 (53.2) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ITN use | |||||||||
| No | 663 | 25 (46.3) | 638 (34.8) | 1.62 | 0.94 to 2.77 | 0.08 | 1.53 | 0.87 to 2.67 | 0.14 |
| Yes | 1223 | 29 (53.7) | 1194 (65.2) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| SP doses received | |||||||||
| ≤1 | 97 (5.1) | 6 (11.1) | 91 (5.0) | 3.40 | 1.34 to 8.64 | 0.02 | 2.84 | 1.08 to 7.43 | 0.17 |
| 2 | 357 (18.9) | 16 (29.6) | 341 (18.6) | 2.31 | 1.15 to 4.63 | 1.74 | 0.85 to 3.56 | ||
| 3 | 627 (33.2) | 16 (29.6) | 611 (33.4) | 1.29 | 0.65 to 2.58 | 1.26 | 0.63 to 2.55 | ||
| ≥4 | 805 (42.7) | 16 (29.6) | 789 (43.1) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Malaria treatment in past 2 weeks | |||||||||
| No | 1669 | 48 (88.9) | 1621 (88.5) | 1 | 0.95 | ||||
| Yes | 217 | 6 (11.1) | 211 (11.5) | 1.03 | 0.45 to 2.36 | ||||
| Malaria treatment during pregnancy | |||||||||
| No | 1335 | 29 (53.7) | 1306 (71.3) | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.01 | ||
| Yes | 551 | 25 (46.3) | 526 (28.7) | 2.15 | 1.25 to 3.68 | 2.05 | 1.17 to 3.59 | ||
aOR, adjusted OR; cOR, crude OR; ITN, insecticide-treated bednet; SES, socioeconomic status; SP, sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine.