Parameter estimates of the overall effect of COVID-19 on rates of total outpatient visits, visits for common infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases and maternal and child health services in Kinshasa, DRC
| Indicators | Level change | Trend change | ||
| IRR (95% CI) | P value | IRR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Overall visits and by sex, age and facility tier | ||||
| Total outpatient visits | 0.75 (0.73 to 0.75) | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | <0.001 |
| Female | 0.76 (0.73 to 0.79) | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | <0.001 |
| Male | 0.74 (0.71 to 0.77) | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.01) | <0.001 |
| Under 5 years | 0.75 (0.73 to 0.77) | <0.001 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.01 |
| 5 years and over | 0.75 (0.73 to 0.77) | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | <0.001 |
| Health centres | 0.86 (0.84 to 0.89) | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.01) | <0.001 |
| Hospitals | 0.57 (0.53 to 0.62) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.00 to 1.03) | 0.009 |
| COVID-19 hospitals | 0.48 (0.31 to 0.74) | <0.001 | 1.03 (0.97 to 1.11) | 0.27 |
| Non-COVID-19 hospitals | 0.58 (0.53 to 0.63) | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | 0.02 |
| Common IDs | ||||
| Malaria case diagnoses | 0.76 (0.73 to 0.79) | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | 0.001 |
| RDT for malaria done | 0.70 (0.67 to 0.73) | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.01 to 1.02) | <0.001 |
| Diarrhoea case diagnoses | 0.74 (0.70 to 0.78) | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | <0.001 |
| Pneumonia case diagnoses | 0.70 (0.65 to 0.74) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.02 to 1.04) | <0.001 |
| NCDs | ||||
| Diabetes new case diagnoses | 0.61 (0.55 to 0.66) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.04) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension new case diagnoses | 0.84 (0.79 to 0.89) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.02) | 0.15 |
| Maternal health | ||||
| ANC1 visits | 1.04 (1.01 to 1.07) | 0.007 | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.71 |
| Facility-based childbirth | 1.08 (1.05 to 1.11) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | 0.32 |
| PNC2 visits | 1.07 (1.03 to 1.11) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | 0.16 |
| Vaccinations | ||||
| DTP1 vaccine administered | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.04) | 0.40 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | 0.26 |
| BCG vaccine administered | 0.95 (0.90 to 1.01) | 0.08 | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | 0.001 |
| OPV1 administered | 1.04 (1.01 to 1.08) | 0.004 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.005 |
| PCV-13 administered | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.04) | 0.60 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | 0.47 |
Parameter estimates are from mixed effects segmented regression models comparing the period before COVID-19 (January 2018 to February 2020) and after the onset of COVID-19 (April to December 2020) in DRC.
ANC1, first antenatal care; DRC, Democratic Republic of the Congo; DTP, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis; ID, infectious disease; IRR, incidence rate ratio; NCD, non-communicable disease; OPV, oral poliovirus vaccine; PCV, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; PNC2, second postnatal care; RDT, rapid diagnostic test.